• Acker, S.R. (1995). Space, collaboration, and the credible city: Academic work in the virtual university. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 1 (1). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol1/issue1/acker/ACKTEXT.HTM

Abstract: Collaboration, greatly facilitated by advanced telecommunication networks, has become a dominant mode of conducting academic work. However, when collaborators meet in both physical and "electronic" spaces there are a number of unexamined costs that go with the efficiency and inclusiveness made possible by easy telecommunication-based exchanges. This article asks collaborators to be sensitive to the role that physical space plays in creative human endeavors, and to consider the impact on work accomplished in merged electronic and physical work environments. A history of city space and university space are presented within Richard Sennett's notion of exposure: a delicate balance of fear and stimulation associated with community. The concluding section of this article considers how to build the collaborative university so that the pleasures of physical space are preserved, and the efficiencies of reaching across distances with telecommunications can be leveraged. The article's coda presents a case study, and efforts are made to use hypermedia's attributes to improve the collaboration between author and reader.

• Adams, L., Toomey, L., & Churchill, E. (1999). Distributed research teams: Meeting asynchronously in virtual space. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 4 (4). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol4/issue4/adams.html

Abstract: As computer networks improve, more social and work interactions are carried out "virtually" by geographically separated group members. In this paper we discuss the design of a tool, PAVE, to support remote work interactions among colleagues in different time zones. PAVE extends a 2D graphical MOO and supports synchronous and asynchronous interactions. PAVE logs and indexes activities in the space. This capture facility enables playback and augmentation of meeting interactions by non-collocated group members. Thus, members can participate asynchronously in meetings they could not attend in real time, not just review them.

• Ahuja, M. K., & Carley, K. M. (1998). Network structure in virtual organizations. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 3 (4). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol3/issue4/ahuja.html

Abstract: Virtual organizations that use email to communicate and coordinate their work toward a common goal are becoming ubiquitous. However, little is known about how these organizations work. Much prior research suggests that virtual organizations, for the most part because they use information technology to communicate, will be decentralized and non-hierarchical. This paper examines the behavior of one such organization. The analysis is based on a case study of the communication structure and content of communications among members of a virtual organization during a four-month period. We empirically measure the structure of a virtual organization and find evidence of hierarchy. The findings imply that the communication structure of a virtual organization may exhibit different properties on different dimensions of structure. We also examine the relationship among task routineness, organizational structure, and performance. Results indicate that the fit between structure and task routineness affects the perception of performance, but may not affect the actual performance of the organization. Thus, this virtual organization is similar to traditional organizations in some ways and dissimilar in other ways. It was similar to traditional organizations in so far as task-structure fit predicted perceived performance. However, it was dissimilar to traditional organizations in so far as fit did not predict objective performance. To the extent that the virtual organizations may be similar to traditional organizations, existing theories can be expanded to study the structure and perceived performance of virtual organizations. New theories may need to be developed to explain objective performance in virtual organizations.

• Anderson, T, & Kanuka, H. (1997). On-line forums: New platforms for professional development and group collaboration. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 3 (3). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol3/issue3/anderson.html

Abstract: This study evaluated the output, level of participation and perceptions of effectiveness and value among participants in a virtual forum. Twenty-three experts in the field of adult education and community development were invited to participate in a three-week interactive session using a WWW-based, asynchronous computer conferencing system. Data gathered through surveys, interviews, transcript analysis and on-line discussion revealed that this technology has relative advantage for organizers and sponsors, but is perceived by most users as being less satisfying than face-to-face interaction. The on-line forum was found to be observable, trialable and relatively easy to use (compared with existing tools), indicating that this innovation has potential to become a widespread medium for continuing professional education.

• Adelaar, T. (2000). Electronic commerce and the implications for market structure: The example of the art and antiques trade. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 5 (3). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol5/issue3/adelaar.htm

Abstract: In recent years, it has been widely stated that electronic commerce will signify the dawn of a friction-free market (Gates, 1995). Structural changes in markets, such as disintermediation, would occur due to the impact of electronic trade and electronic information exchange. As argued by Sarkar, Butler and Steinfield (1995), these statements are oversimplified and exaggerated, because different outcomes are possible, such as cybermediation and re-intermediation. In order to clarify the issues concerning the implications of e-commerce for market structure, this paper attempts to validate the model developed by Sarkar et al., by applying the model to the art and antiques market. The implications of e-commerce depend on the choice to internalize electronic inter-organizational activities or outsource these activities to so-called cybermediaries. The emergence of new intermediary roles and actors is not always based on pure economic arguments. Of equal importance are the constraints imposed by the social and cultural embedding of intermediary roles. However, the precise impact on market structure cannot be explained exclusively by e-commerce. In this paper, it is argued that a better understanding of the evolutionary impact of e-commerce on existing market structures and intermediary roles is reached by taken into account both historical and regional perspectives.

• Aycock, A. (1995). "Technologies of the self": Michael Foucault online. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 1 (2).Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol1/issue2/aycock.html

Abstract: While some have argued that computing via the Internet offers a vision of freedom and a shared humanity, others have claimed with equal vehemence that it may become the instrument of global surveillance and personal alienation. Foucault's notion of self-fashioning (souci de soi) exemplifies both sides of this debate, since fashions may both be imposed and freely chosen. To present a Foucauldian perspective on fashioning of self online I use instances of recent postings to the Usenet news group rec.games.chess. Key aspects of self-fashioning that I identify include romantic and modernist images of interior experience, the importance of keeping your "cool," the discussion of techniques designed to improve skill or strength, and the purchase and use of chess computers as icons of mastery. Finally, I consider some implications of this Foucauldian approach for future research on Internet self-constructions.

• Baker, P. (2001). Moral panic and alternative identity construction in usenet. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 7 (1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol7/issue1/baker.html

Abstract: In this paper the concept of the "moral panic" is applied to computer-mediated communication through a qualitative examination of the case of a "troll" poster to the Usenet group alt.tv.melrose-place over a four month period. The notion of Internet identity construction is analyzed as a collaboration between participants, and the resolution strategies that the participants used in order to neutralize the moral panic are examined.

• Banerjee, K. (1997). On-line services in India: A market analysis. Journalof Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 3 (1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue1/banerjee.html

Abstract: Unlike the on-line service providers in the USA or Western Europe, the growth of the on-line service providers in India has started tapering off. Major factors affecting the growth of Internet access in India have been partial deregulation of the telecom sector as opposed to complete liberalization, poor telecom infrastructure, a narrower home PC base, a high level of price sensitivity among the target audience, and a lack of effective exploitation of the on-line services for delivering content. For these reasons private sector service providers are slowly becoming marginalized in India. Any emerging country which wants to exploit this medium successfully needs to keep these constraints in mind while planning for the future.

• Barbatsis, G. & Hansen, K. (1999). The performance of cyberspace: An exploration into computer mediated reality. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 5 (1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol5/issue1/barbatsis.html

Abstract: This phenomenological enquiry into cyberspace examines the concept of space and metaphor, explaining 'cyber'space as a figurative term and a figurative space, as something projected as a shared mental concept. Reception theory is used to theorize this figurative space as an ideational object constituted by a 'text-reader' relationship. The performance of 'cyber'space is described as a self-reflexive ideation about meaning making itself, and examined as discursive, liminal, and transformative. Examination includes examples from e-mail, chat, and 3D conference systems.

• Bardini, T. (1997). Bridging the gulfs: From hypertext to cyberspace. Journalof Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 3 (2). Available:http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue2/bardini.html

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to focus on two main conceptions at the origin of hypertext technology, and contrast the associationist and the connectionist views. From the starting point provided by this conceptual opposition, it surveys the relationships between users and developers of new computerized communication technologies as inscriptions at the interface. Upgrading Brenda Laurel's models of the interface, it proposes a new conception of the personal interface that acknowledges the virtual presence of the designer, and locates the space of the screen as a dialogic space of mutual engagement.

• Baym, N. (1995). The performance of humor in computer-mediated communication. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 1 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol1/issue2/baym.html

Abstract: There has been very little work on humor in computer-mediated communication (CMC). Indeed, the implication of some CMC work is that the medium is inhospitable to humor. This essay argues that humor can be accomplished in CMC and can be critical to creating social meaning on-line. The humor of the Usenet newsgroup rec.arts.tv.soaps (r.a.t.s.), which discusses soap operas, is analyzed. The method combines user surveys with message analysis to show the prevalence and importance of humor in r.a.t.s. Close analysis of five exemplary humorous messages shows how the group's humor arises from the juxtaposition of close and distant readings of the soap opera, which place the participants in close relationships to one another, and distance them from the soap opera's writers and producers. Group solidarity is also created as participants draw extensively on previous messages to ground their own humor. Humor is also shown to be a primary mechanism for the establishment of individuality, as participants combine the shared meanings and play with the shared parameters of the group in idiosyncratic ways.

• Beaulieu, A. (2003). Combining approaches for the study of networks on the Internet. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 8(4). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol8/issue4/intro.html
• Bechar-Israeli, H. (1995). From (Bonehead) to (cLoNehEAd): Nicknames, play and identity on Internet relay chat. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 1 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol1/issue2/bechar.html

Abstract: This article examines nicknames of IRC users. On IRC, a person's physical existence and identity must be condensed textually into a single line which states his or her nickname, the electronic address, and a slogan or the person's real name. IRC users attempt to make these representational elements as prominent as possible, by choosing an original nick which will tempt other participants to strike up a conversation. In this paper I demonstrate that although people play many kinds of games with their nicknames, the nicks they choose are very important to them. They are an inherent part of their Net- identity, and even of their "real-life" identity. Two hundred sixty nicknames were collected from IRC logs, and were analyzed and classified. Only rarely did the IRCers in this study use their real names. The largest category was that of nicks related to the self in some way, referring to character traits, physical appearance, the physiological or psychological state of the self, or the person's profession or hobbies. The list of nicknames and the relative frequency of the different categories illustrate prominent features of electronic culture, a culture in which the individual is placed at the center. Participants in this culture have a high awareness of technology and technological change. They value linguistic virtuosity, yet they show contempt for the rules of the language. Although there is freedom to engage in constantly changing identity games through the manipulation of nicks, most people tend to keep to one nick for a long period of time.

• Beller, M. & Or, E. (1998). The crossroads between lifelong learning and information technology: A challenge facing leading universities. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 4 (2). Available:http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol4/issue2/beller.html

Abstract: Technology-Mediated Learning and Distance Learning (TML/TMDL), and particularly asynchronous learning through the Internet, are becoming major vehicles for fulfilling the needs of Lifelong Learning (LLL). A hybrid model of studies using technological means is leading to the development of a new pedagogy of learning and teaching. Various new models of higher education are evolving in North America and around the globe, in response to LLL needs and to the new opportunities that are becoming available through the integration of learning technologies. These models are described and discussed in this paper, for the benefit of those who are interested in or are partners to higher education, and in particular the policy makers. Traditional universities can adopt some of these models, while other models may call for the creation of new types of institutions of higher education. Most institutions will find that a joint effort is necessary for reaching the critical mass required for providing their educational system and their faculty with a generalizable, scalable and sustainable TML solution. Creating such coalitions will turn out to be a challenge in and of itself.

• Benbunan-Fich, R. & Hiltz, S.R. (1999). Educational applications of CMCS: Solving case studies through asynchronous learning networks. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 4 (3). Available:http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol4/issue3/benbunan-fich.html

Abstract: Case studies are an important component of many business curricula. However, in-class discussion of case studies suffers from temporal and geographical limitations. Computer-mediated communication systems (CMCS) can be used to overcome these constraints. An Asynchronous Learning Network, a CMCS supporting "anytime/anywhere" interaction and tailored for educational activities, may be used to expand and enrich case discussions. ALN-mediated discussions allow students and instructors from remote locations to participate in the discussion at their own convenient times. A field experiment was conducted to test the effectiveness of an ALN vs. traditional manual methods in individuals and groups discussing and solving a case study. Findings indicate that groups working in an asynchronous networked environment produced better and longer solutions to the case study, but were less satisfied with the interaction process.

• Bennington, T.L., & Gay, G. (2000). Mediated Perceptions: Contributions of Phenomenological Film Theory to Understanding the Interactive Video Experience. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 5 (4). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol5/issue4/bennington_gay.html

Abstract: We draw upon phenomenological film theory and phenomenological studies of technological mediation to explore the perceptual, expressive, intentional and interpretive dimensions of the interactive video experience. Surrealist and phenomenological film theory can provide insights into the perceptual and communicative dimensions of the film/video experience, complementing current semiotic explorations of hypertext. The phenomenological notion of ìintentionality is used to explain the convergence of both filmmaker's and spectator's perceptions onto the world as referenced by the filmmaker, enabling and mediating intersubjective understanding. Both the filmmaker's and the spectator's perceptions are brought into engagement through the technological mediation of camera and computer and through the linguistic and cultural mediation of narration.

• Berthold, M., Sudweeks, F., Newton, S., & Coyne, R. D. (1997). Clustering on the net: Applying an autoassociative neural network to computer-mediateddiscussions. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 2 (4). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol2/issue4/berthold.html

Abstract: ProjectH, a research group of a hundred researchers, produced a huge amount of data from computer mediated discussions. The data classified several thousand postings from over 30 newsgroups into 46 categories. One approach to extract typical examples from this database is presented in this paper. An autoassociative neural network is trained on all 3000 coded messages and then used to construct typical messages under certain specified conditions. With this method the neural network can be used to create "typical" messages for several scenarios. This paper illustrates the architecture of the neural network that was used and explains the necessary modifications to the coding scheme. In addition several "typicality sets" produced by the neural net are shown and their generation is explained. In conclusion, the autoassociative neural network is used to explore threads and the types of messages that typically initiate or contribute longer lasting threads.

• Bickel, B. (2003). Weapons of magic: Afghan women asserting voice via the Net. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 8 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol8/issue2/bickel.html

Abstract: In the global struggle over discourse and knowledge after 9/11, the voices of otherwise silenced women in Afghanistan were significantly amplified on the Internet. RAWA.org demonstrates how a Web site contended with discourses of fundamentalism and war while envisioning democracy and constructing new leadership identities for women.

• Birnie, S. A., & Horvath, P. (2002). Psychological predictors of Internet social communication (2002).
Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 7 (4). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol7/issue4/horvath.html

Abstract: This study investigated the relationship of traditional social behavior to social communication via the Internet in a completely wired campus where every professor uses computers in classroom teaching, each residence is wired to the Internet, and every student is issued a laptop computer. It has been suggested that shy and socially isolated individuals communicate more on the Internet because it provides some protection from social anxiety. However, little research has empirically tested this assumption. In line with social network theory, we proposed, instead, that online social communication would complement or supplement the uses of face-to-face social contact resulting in a positive association between the two forms of social behaviors. We assessed the frequency and intimacy of traditional social behaviors, sociability, and shyness in 115 undergraduates (52 male, 63 female). These variables were then used to predict the frequency and intimacy of Internet social communication. Sociability and the frequency of traditional social behaviors were positively associated with the frequency of Internet social communication. The intimacy of traditional social behaviors was positively associated with the intimacy of Internet social communication. Overall, the findings supported the implications of social network theory in that online social communication appeared to complement or be an extension of traditional social behavior rather than being a compensatory medium for shy and socially anxious individuals. With relation to uses and gratifications theory, however, shyness was associated with increased intimate socializing over the Internet, indicating that traditional and Internet communication are not functionally equivalent.

• Bilstad, B.T. (1996). Obscenity and indecency on the Usenet: The legal and political future of alt.sex.stories. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 2 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol2/issue2/bilstad.html

Abstract: This paper discusses the emerging prevalence of erotica and pornography on the Internet (in particular on the Usenet) and addresses legal and political questions raised in light of news events such as: University of Michigan cyber-stalker Jake Baker; convicted BBS-porn operators Robert and Carleen Thomas; and the passage of the Communications Decency Act of 1996 (the "CDA") . In particular, one of the most popular Usenet discussion groups, "alt.sex.stories," has come under recent fire. However, the Usenet is not an easily regulatable zone and evades many contemporary legal notions of jurisdiction and agency. In turn, this paper discusses: (1) legal standards under the First Amendment, (2) the regulation of BBSs, (3) the regulation of the Usenet, (4) specific activities on alt.sex.stories, (5) the CDA, and (6) market-based alternatives to legislation. Ultimately, the author concludes that software products such as "SurfWatch" present better alternatives to federal legislation that infringe upon the First Amendment.

• Biocca, F. (1997). Cyborg's dilemma: Progressive embodiment in virtual environments. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 3 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue2/biocca2.html

Abstract: How does the changing representation of the body in virtual environments affect the mind? This article considers how virtual reality interfaces are evolving to embody the user progressively. The effect of embodiment on the sensation of physical presence, social presence, and self presence in virtual environments is discussed. The effect of avatar representation on body image and body schema distortion is also considered. The paper ends with the introduction of the cyborg's dilemma, a paradoxical situation in which the development of increasingly "natural" and embodied interfaces leads to "unnatural" adaptations or changes in the user. In the progressively tighter coupling of user to interface, the user evolves as a cyborg.

• Blanchard, A. (2004). Virtual behavior settings: An application of behavior setting theories to virtual communities. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 9 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol9/issue2/blanchard.html

Abstract: Virtual communities are a new social phenomenon in computer-mediated communication (CMC). Within these communities, a sense of place is emerging that may provide a key to understanding them. This paper proposes that virtual communities can be better understood as operating within an emerging environmental form: virtual behavior settings, a concept informed by Barker's (1968, 1978a) and Wicker's (1987, 1992) theories of (face-to-face) behavior settings, altered by considerations of the distinctive qualities of time, place, and objects in CMC. Virtual behavior settings are examined in terms of the emergence and maintenance of setting programs, their participants, and their operation within physical behavior settings.

• Birnie, S. A., and Horvath, P. (2002). Psychological predictors of Internet social communication. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 7 (4). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol7/issue4/horvath.html
• Bosnjak, M., & Tuten, T. L. (2001). Classifying response behaviors in Web-based surveys. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 6 (3). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol6/issue3/boznjak.html

Abstract: While traditional survey literature has addressed three possible response behaviors (unit nonresponse, item nonresponse, and complete response), Web surveys can capture data about a respondent's answering process. Based on this data, at least seven response patterns are observable. This paper describes these seven response patterns in a typology of response behaviors.

• Bowker, N., & Tuffin, K. (2003). Dicing with deception: People with disabilities' strategies for managing safety and identity online. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 8 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol8/issue2/bowker.html

Abstract: The visual anonymity associated with online interaction offers people with disabilities the potential to participate in social interaction beyond the stigma of a disabled identity. In problematizing traditional notions of reality, however, the online medium also has the potential to become a deceptive social space where people with disabilities become victims of malevolent acts. Considering the dilemma surrounding the choice to participate, this study investigates how people with disabilities are managing issues of deception and harm in online contexts. A discursive psychology framework is utilized. The research was conducted in New Zealand where 21 participants with physical and sensory disabilities volunteered to participate in an online interview. Two different repertoires enabled people with disabilities to manage the dilemma of engaging in a medium where there is potential for benefit and harm. A keeping safe repertoire deployed three safety strategies to protect participants from deceptive acts. Data from several participants was also categorized under a qualified deception repertoire. This allowed participants to access new subjective experiences outside of a disabled identity and to extend their online engagement beyond keeping safe. Both repertoires maintained participants' integrity as online users.

• Boyd, J. (2002). In community we trust: Online security communication at eBay. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 7(3). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol7/issue3/boyd.html

Abstract: As e-commerce and virtual communities fundamentally change the way Americans do business and build relationships, how can people be assured of safety in unfamiliar cyberspaces? This essay focuses on online auction site eBay to understand how eBay has successfully attracted millions of users in spite of perceived risks and uncertainties. It argues that eBay is, in fact, a community (of commerce), and that the rhetorical construction of "community" on the site provides a foundation for trust between users. Based on trust theory, this essay isolates eBay's "community trust" model as consisting of seven elements that work together to give users reasons to trust and to be trustworthy. Finally, the essay examines recent changes to eBay's system, suggesting that so-called improvements for control might actually weaken the "community trust" system already in place--a warning to other sites that might imitate eBay's community approach.

• Branscomb, A.W. (1996). Cyberspaces: Familiar territory or lawless frontiers. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 2 (1).Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol2/issue1/introl.html
• Breen, M. (1997). Information does not equal knowledge: Theorizing the political economy of virtuality. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 3 (3). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue3/breen.html

Abstract: This paper argues that causation theory has a role in discussions about knowledge in the virtual context. Drawing on cultural studies, it suggests that the fragmentation of rational knowledge in the postmodern world has produced a focus on information that is unaware of its history. A knowledge gap has been produced that needs careful consideration by those people and institutions advocating the use of virtual technologies. Virtuality is about a politics of convenience, where contemporary knowledge is characterized by two modes of action: mathematics and marketing. The paper suggests that contemporary capitalism fits well with this type of knowledge. It argues that other ways of conceptualizing causal relationships between information-knowledge are necessary in the virtual world.

• Bughin, J. (2001). E-push or e-pull? Laggards and first-movers in European on-line banking. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 7 (1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol7/issue1/bughin.html

Abstract: While a strategic imperative for financial institutions, major differences currently exist among banks' abilities to convert their customers to using the Internet. In addition, not a lot is known as to what drives those differences, although one can easily hypothesize that on-line banking adoption must be due to a combination of demand ("pull") and firm ("push") factors. This paper presents a statistical appraisal of the determinants of on-line customer penetration for a cross-sectional sample of the major incumbent banks in Western Europe for the combination of the years 1988 to 2000. "Pull" factors play a large role in explaining customer conversion to Internet banking, yet bank-specific factors (or "push" factors) are not marginal. Among others, banks with traditionally high cost-effectiveness and that already offer wide private ATM coverage for their customers are also the ones which have already started to migrate a larger proportion of their customer base on-line. Interestingly, among all "push" factors analyzed, cost-effectiveness emerges as the largest leverage effect on customer conversion. Finally, a cluster analysis supplements the regression results along the axes of "pull" and "push", and identifies a set of early movers and laggards among the banks in our sample. Generally speaking, those first-movers already exhibit stronger off-line profitability than laggards, which may indicate that the on-line marketplace may reproduce performance off-line (i.e., currently successful banks have nothing to fear from aggressive start-ups).

• Burnett, G., & Buerkle, H. (2004). Information exchange in virtual communities: A comparative study. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 9 (2). Available:.html http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol9/issue2/burnett.html

Abstract: Burnett's (2000) typology of information exchange in virtual communities attempts to provide a framework for examining the range of activities undertaken by participants in such communities. This study is the first in a series to apply the typology to specific virtual communities, in an effort to assess its accuracy against the day-to-day interactions to be found in two online communities. Through a comparison of these two communities using the typology, revisions to the typology are proposed which will allow it to reflect more accurately activities found within the communities. By providing a metric through which to address such questions, the revised typology will allow a richer understanding of virtual communities as social information environments.

• Burton, M., & Walther, J. B. (2001). The value of Web log data in use-based design and testing. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 6 (3). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol6/issue3/burton.html

Abstract: Web-based logs contain potentially useful empirical data with which World Wide Web (Web) designers and design theorists can assess usability and effectiveness of design choices. Most Web design guidelines from artistic or usability principles feature no empirical validation, while empirical studies of Web use typically rely on observer ratings. Web server logs and client-side logs can provide naturally-occurring, unobtrusive usage data, partially amenable to normative use assessments but particularly useful in experimental research comparing alternative Web designs. Identification of types of Web server logs, client logs, types and uses of log data, and issues associated with the validity of these data are enumerated. Frameworks that outline how sources of use-based data can be triangulated to assess Web design are illustrated. Finally, an approach to experimentation that overcomes many data validity issues is presented and illustrated through a pilot experiment that used server logs to compare user responses to frames, pop-up, and scrolling arrangements of a single Web site.

• Carmichael, P. (2003). The Internet, information architecture and community memory. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 8 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol8/issue2/carmichael.html

Abstract: This article reviews current technological developments, particularly Peer-to-Peer technologies and Distributed Data Systems, and their value to community memory projects, particularly those concerned with the preservation of the cultural, literary and administrative data of cultures which have suffered genocide or are at risk of genocide. It draws attention to the comparatively good representation online of genocide denial groups and changes in the technological strategies of holocaust denial and other far-right groups. It draws on the author's work in providing IT support for a UK-based Non-Governmental Organization providing support for survivors of genocide in Rwanda.

• Chen, C., & Rada, R. (1996). Modelling situated actions in collaborative hypertext databases. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 2 (3). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol2/issue3/chen.html

Abstract: The need to model users' dynamic behaviour in Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) systems arises in many contexts. This study developed a probabilistic model of the usage of an awareness-maintaining mechanism in a collaborative hypertext database system. Longitudinal time series data of user-database interaction were studied. The study found that the recurring patterns in the occurrences of the awareness-seeking event were related to several contextual aspects of the CSCW system studied. The context-behaviour relationship is captured by a Poisson regression model. The analytical method can be applied to the study of situated actions in other CSCW systems.

• Cheong, W. H. (2002). Internet adoption in Macao. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 7 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol7/issue2/macao.html

Abstract: Based on the data from a telephone survey of 868 Macao residents conducted in Macao with 330 Internet users and 538 non-users, this paper examines the characteristics of the users and non-users in terms of their demographics, assessments on media credibility, family functioning, media use, and perceived values of the Internet. Drawing from the literature of diffusion, expectancy-value and media substitution theories, it investigates the relations between Internet use and its potential predictors. The results confirmed the conclusions of previous adoption studies that Internet users were more likely to be male, younger, better educated and with higher monthly household income than non-users. The study also found that demographic variables such as education, sex and income, as well as doing exercise were the significant predictors of Internet use. However, no traditional mass media use variables and perceived values of the Internet were found to be significant predictors.

• Chesney, T. (2004). "other people benefit. i benefit from their work." Sharing guitar tabs online. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 10(1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol10/issue1/chesney.html

Abstract: This paper reports the results of a study into a public space Internet portal which publishes guitar tabs (tablature) online, to examine what motivates people to participate in this activity and what benefits they get from doing so. A guitar tab is essentially sheet music for guitarists. The study examines why people contribute when it is easier for them not to publish their tabs and simply use the tabs that other people have posted. Answers to this will have implications for businesses wanting to encourage their employees to share their knowledge. An open ended questionnaire was sent to 183 tab publishers with a usable response rate of 39%, which is considered high for surveys. The questionnaire sought to gather data on motivations, benefits and community interaction. The paper begins with a review of relevant theories of knowledge sharing and publishing, in particular the private-collective model of innovation (von Hippel & von Krogh, 2003) which is used to analyze the results. Motivations are listed as under two categories, self and altruistic, with the most popular motivation being to share the songs with others, which is from the altruistic category. The most common benefit is personal satisfaction. The results show tab publishing fits with the private-collective model of innovation which means that a tab published online can be seen as a public good, as it is available to all, that has significant private elements. These private elements are the benefits that tab publishers get which the people who only use tabs without contributing their own, do not. The implications of the work are as follows. Enjoyment of the domain seems to be an important factor in motivating knowledge sharing. People who feel like they are part of a community and get satisfaction from being part of a community, will be more likely to contribute. The act of sharing knowledge should be as close to effortless as possible to encourage contributions. The act of preparing (collecting, collating etc.) the material to be shared should have meaning in itself for the person who is preparing it. If the act of sharing leads to increased status in the community people will be more likely to contribute. To encourage knowledge sharing, those who make use of the shared knowledge should be encouraged to give positive feedback to the person who shared it. To date, there has been little empirical work examining online posting forums.

• Chester, A., & Gwynne, G. (1998). Online teaching: Encouraging collaboration through anonymity. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 4 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol4/issue2/chester.html

Abstract This paper describes our experience as tertiary teachers (and learners) in cyberspace. A brief evaluation of the literature on computer-mediated communication (CMC) is presented, together with a review of the major theoretical positions explaining online interaction. The filtered-cues and social information processing perspectives are compared in the light of more recent formulations of the hyperpersonal. With a desire to facilitate and critically evaluate a hyperpersonal learning context or online learning community, we developed a range of strategies including the use of aliases. The subject is described together with our observations of the benefits and disadvantages of pseudonymity for education.

• Choi, J. H., & Danowski, J. (2002). Making a global community on the Net: Global village or global metropolis?: A network analysis of Usenet newsgroups. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 7(3). http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol7/issue3/choi.html

Abstract: This study examined the global structure of intercultural communication on a computer-mediated communication network. Extracted from a total of 232,479 discussion messages, a matrix of crossposted messages among 133 online newsgroups over a year on the Usenet was analyzed to investigate structural patterns of communication flow. This research found, unlike earlier research, that a simple structure of core-periphery relations does not fit the pattern of cross-cultural postings in Usenet discussion groups. Bonacich's centrality, cluster analysis, and multidimensional scaling analysis were conducted using UCINET V software. Results identified a multi-cored structure with decentralized and diversified patterns of information distribution in cyberspace.

• Chung, H., & Zhao, X. (2004). Effects of perceived interactivity on Web site preference and memory: Role of personal motivation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 10(1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol10/issue1/chung.html

Abstract: The main purpose of this study is to explore theoretically and empirically the effects of consumers' different surfing behaviors in terms of advertising effectiveness in the new media context. This study attempts to answer two primary questions: (1) What effect does interactivity have on attitude and memory? (2) What is the role of individual motivation on clicking behavior on the Web site? In this study, perceived interactivity was also found to influence consumers’ attitudes toward the ad and memory for its contents. This finding is consistent with literature about the effects of interaction on attitude and memory. Results of this study showed a positive impact of perceived interactivity on both attitude and memory.

• Climent, S., More, J., Oliver, A., Salvatierra, M., Sanchez, I., Taule, M., & Vallmanya, L. (2004). Language choice on a Swiss mailing list.
Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 9 (1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol9/issue1/climent.html >

Abstract: This paper presents a linguistic analysis of a corpus of messages written in Catalan and Spanish, which come from several informal newsgroups on the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (Open University of Catalonia; henceforth, UOC) Virtual Campus. The surrounding environment is one of extensive bilingualism and contact between Spanish and Catalan. The study was carried out as part of the INTERLINGUA project conducted by the UOC's Internet Interdisciplinary Institute (IN3). Its main goal is to ascertain the linguistic characteristics of the e-mail register in the newsgroups in order to assess their implications for the creation of an online machine translation environment. The results shed empirical light on the relevance of characteristics of the e-mail register, the impact of language contact and interference, and their implications for the use of machine translation for CMC data in order to facilitate cross-linguistic communication on the Internet.

• Crede, A. (1995). Electronic commerce and the banking industry: The requirement and opportunities for new payment systems using the Internet. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 1 (3). Available:http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol1/issue3/crede.html

Abstract: With the rapid expansion of the Internet, there are a number of initiatives underway for the creation of a secure cost-effective payment system which will be able to support growing commercial activities on the network. Although electronic payment systems for large payments have been in operation for some time, rapidly expanding volumes of foreign exchange and securities trading are increasingly at variance with the requirements for a cost-effective and efficient electronic payment systems for making low value payments. Current progress in establishing such payment systems on the Internet is examined. The paper argues that the ultimate vision could be for a truly global and virtual marketplace, requiring completely new institutional and legal structures and having a profound impact on economic life similar to that of the medieval trade fairs which emerged in Europe in the 12th century.

• Dahan, M. (2003). Between a rock and a hard place: The changing public sphere of Palestinian Israelis. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 8 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol8/issue2/dahan.html

Abstract: According to some researchers, particularly political economists, cyberspace serves to reproduce the political and social relations of capitalism and while we may very well be moving towards a postindustrial phase, the balance of power remains and will continue to remain the same (Kitchin, 1998). In the past I have shown that the use of computer-mediated communication (CMC) may serve as a catalyst in advancing social, cultural and political change, as well as enhancing the public sphere (Dahan 1999, 2000, 2001; Dahan & Sheffer, 2001). While CMC and information and communication technologies (ICTs) have had positive catalytic affects among the majority Jewish population of Israel, there have been distinct changes in the use of CMC and ICTs among the Palestinian Israeli1 minority in Israel which serve to maintain the existing political and social disenfranchisement of this group within the larger Israeli society. In addition, this paper discusses the resulting creation of a regional public sphere, beyond the boundaries of the Israeli State, in part as a result of the violent conflict of the past two years. This regional public sphere, unique to Palestinian Israelis, serves to further distance the Palestinian Israeli minority from mainstream discourse and influence within Israel.

• Dahlberg, L. (2001). Computer-mediated communication and the public sphere: A critical analysis. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 7 (1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol7/issue1/dahlberg.html

Abstract: In recent times much has been said about the possibility that the two-way, decentralized communications of cyberspace can provide sites of rational-critical discourse autonomous from state and economic interests and thus extending the public sphere at large. In this paper the extent to which the Internet does in fact enhance the public sphere is evaluated. Online deliberative practices are compared with a normative model of the public sphere developed from the work of Jürgen Habermas. The evaluation proceeds at a general level, drawing upon more specific Internet research to provide a broad understanding of the democratic possibilities and limitations of the present Internet. The analysis shows that vibrant exchange of positions and rational critique does take place within many online fora. However, there are a number of factors limiting the expansion of the public sphere online. These factors include the increasing colonization of cyberspace by state and corporate interests, a deficit of reflexivity, a lack of respectful listening to others, the difficulty of verifying identity claims and information put forward, the exclusion of many from online political fora, and the domination of discourse by certain individuals and groups. The article concludes by calling for more focused Internet-democracy research to address these problems further, research for which the present paper provides a starting point.

• Danet, B. (1995). Playful expressivity and artfulness in computer-mediated communication. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 1 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol1/issue2/genintro.html
• Danet, B., Ruedenberg-Wright, L., & Rosenbaum-Tamari, Yehudit. (1997)."HMMM...WHERE'S THAT SMOKE COMING FROM?" Writing, play and performance on Internet Relay Chat. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 2 (4). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol2/issue4/danet.html

Abstract: Digital writing is strikingly playful. This playfulness flourishes particularly in synchronous chat modes on the Internet. This paper is a study of writing, play and performance on IRC (Internet Relay Chat). We analyze a "virtual party" on IRC, whose highlight was a typed simulation of smoking marihuana. Three interrelated, yet analytically distinct types of play are discussed: 1) play with identity; 2) play with frames of interaction; and 3) play with typographic symbols. We adopt a qualitative, textual, and micro-sociolinguistic approach, drawing on work in discourse analysis, the study of orality and literacy, and the anthropology of play and performance. In all play there is reduced accountability for action. In the material world, masks and costumes at carnival time liberate participants; here, the ephemeral, non-material medium, the typed text, and the use of nicknames provide the mask. Although the improvisation analyzed here is typed and occurs between geographically dispersed strangers, it has fascinating affinities with "live" interactional forms such as jazz, charades, and carnivals.

• Danet, B., Wachenhauser, T., Cividalli, A., Bechar-Israeli, H., & Rosenbaum-Tamari,Y. (1995). Curtain time 20:00 GMT: Experiments in virtual theater on Internet Relay Chat. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 1 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol1/issue2/contents.html

Abstract: This is an interdisciplinary study of a group called the Hamnet Players, who have scripted and performed parodies of Shakespeare and Tennessee Williams on IRC (Internet Relay Chat). Our approach draws on sociolinguistics and discourse analysis; the study of oral genres of verbal art, as practiced by folklorists and ethnographers of communication; Shakespearean studies and analyses of genres in literature; research on communication and popular culture; and recent studies of language, play and performance in computer-mediated communication. We focus primarily on the first production of the Hamnet Players, a hilarious, 80-line parody of Hamlet, called "Hamnet". The main source of humor is the playfully irreverent juxtaposition of Shakespearean plot, characters and language with materials drawn from Net culture and from IRC specifically. Hamnet productions are currently primarily textual-- participants type their lines in real time, or load them in prepared mini-files--but the players have already begun to experiment with graphics and sound, as well.

The paper contains three main sections: (1) an analysis of the substantive and stylistic features of the "Hamnet" script;" (2) an explication of the logistics of virtual production--how one coordinates in real time the activities of a group of persons dispersed around the globe and seated before their computer screens; (3) detailed analysis of logs of actual Hamnet performances, with special focus on improvised play with the Shakespearean canon, with the "theater game," with language itself (obscenity, parlor word games, spelling games, puns), with the IRC software, and with the situation of typed online interaction. Hamnet productions are not only experiments in virtual theater; they are also carnivals of wordplay, chock-full of wit and humor, reflecting and fostering a sense of abandon not unlike that in real-world carnivals. They provide new and important evidence for the rise of interactive digital writing as stylized performance. In times of rapid, even dizzying technological change, it is natural to turn to Shakespeare for a sense of continuity with the past. There is some evidence for the democratization and globalization of culture in Hamnet productions, as reflected in the countries represented among players and audience members. In addition, women are quite prominent in all phases of production. On the whole, however, Hamnet activities appeal primarily to a well-educated, technologically sophisticated, English-speaking elite.

• December, J. (1996). Units of analysis for Internet communication. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 1(4). Available:http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol1/issue4/december.html
• de Oliveira, S. M. (2004). Breaking conversational norms on a Portuguese users network: Men as adjudicators of politeness?
Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 9 (1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol9/issue1/oliveira.html >

Abstract: This article examines messages exchanged via asynchronous CMC at a Portuguese university that would be considered impolite in face-to-face interaction (cf. Brown & Levinson, 1987; Culpeper, 1996; Oliveira, 1985, 2003; Oliveira Medeiros, 1994). A comparison by gender was conducted of the degree and nature of participation in the university Users' network, focusing on transgressions and chastisement involving inappropriate message content, message form and address form selection. Although women participate less often in discussions on the network, messages posted by women are more often treated as transgressions, while men more often initiate responses demonstrating concern with established norms of politeness and the importance of adhering to them. These results confirm traditional gender roles of men as interactionally dominant and representative of "authority," but do not support findings for English-language CMC that women are more concerned with politeness than men (Herring, 1994; Smith, McLaughlin & Osborn,1997); rather, Portuguese men on the university network assume the role of "politeness adjudicators."

• DeSanctis, G., & Monge, M. (1998). Communication processes for virtual organizations. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line],3 (4). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue4/desanctis.html

Abstract: Communication is fundamental to any form of organizing but is preeminent in virtual organizations. Virtual organizations are characterized by (a) highly dynamic processes, (b) contractual relationships among entities, (c) edgeless, permeable boundaries, and (d) reconfigurable structures. Relative to more traditional settings, communication processes that occur in virtual contexts are expected to be rapid, customized, temporary, greater in volume, more formal, and more relationship-based. To glean insight into communication processes for virtual organizations, we draw on the rich body of literature on synchronous and asynchronous electronic organizational communication. The vast set of empirical findings regarding mediated communication can foreshadow how communication will change as firms "go virtual." Six areas of electronic communication research provide implications for the major aspects of virtual organization design: (1) communication volume and efficiency, (2) message understanding, (3) virtual tasks, (4) lateral communication, (5) norms of technology use, and (6) evolutionary effects.

• Dodge, M., & Kitchin, R. (2000). Exposing the 'Second Text?of Maps of the Net. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 5 (4). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol5/issue4/dodge_kitchin.htm

Abstract: Maps have long been recognized as important and powerful modes of visual communication. In this paper we examine critically maps which are being produced to represent and promote information and communication technologies and the use of cyberspace. Drawing on the approach of map deconstruction we attempt to read and expose the 'second text' of maps of the Net. As such, we examine in detail a number of maps that display, with varying degrees of subtlety, the ideological agendas of cyberboosterism and techno-utopianism of their creators. A critical reading of these maps is important because they are widely reproduced and consumed on the Internet, in business and governmental reports, and in the popular press, all too often without a detailed consideration of the deliberate and intended messages being communicated. As we illustrate, many of these maps not only promote certain ideological messages but are often also poor in terms of cartographic design, with many containing serious ecological fallacies. We restrict our analyses to maps at the global scale.

• Doering, N. (2002). Personal home pages on the Web: A review of research. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 7(3). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol7/issue3/doering.html

Abstract: Personal or private home pages are Web sites published and maintained by individuals or informal, small groups. The paper presents the personal home page as a new object of sociological, psychological, linguistic, and communication studies research. It shows how theories of identity, self-presentation and computer-mediated communication are being applied to personal home pages. The paper is the first systematic review of about thirty personal home page studies. In oder to integrate the diverse empirical findings a communication studies framework is used: Personal home pages are regarded as media products with specific production processes, product characteristics, and reception processes. The paper ends by suggesting some possible directions for future research.

• Donath, J., Karahalios, K., & Viegas, F. (1999). Visualizing conversation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 4 (4). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol4/issue4/donath.html

Abstract: Although the archive of text generated by a persistent conversation (i.e. newsgroup, mailing list, recorded chat, etc.) is searchable, it is not very expressive of the underlying social patterns. In this paper we will discuss the design of graphical interfaces that reveal the social structure of the conversation by visualizing patterns such as bursts of activity, the arrival of new members, or the evolution of conversational topics. Our focus is on two projects: Chat Circles, a graphical interface for synchronous conversation and Loom, a visualization of threaded discussion. Through these examples we will explore key issues in the generation, design and use of graphical interfaces for persistent conversations.

• Donnelly, D.F. (1996). Selling on, not out, the Internet. Journal of Computer Mediated-Communication [On-line], 2 (1). Available:http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol2/issue1/adsnew.html
• Eastin, M. S. (2001). Credibility assessments of online health information: The effects of source expertise and knowledge of content. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 6 (4). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol6/issue4/eastin.html

Abstract: Millions of Americans use the Internet as a resource for information, with a large proportion seeking health information. Research indicates that medical professionals do not author an extensive amount of health information available on the Internet. This creates a possibility for false information, thereby potentially leading ill people away from proper care. One way to begin addressing this problem is to assess perceptions of credibility about information found online. A between-groups, 2 (message type) x 3 (source type) factorial design was tested by manipulating source expertise (high, medium, low) and content knowledge (known and unknown). While findings did not indicate a significant interaction between source and content type, they did indicate an overall tendency to rate all information as relatively credible. In addition, results indicate that both knowledge of content and source expertise affect perceptions of online health information.

• Durham, M. (2004). Language choice on a Swiss mailing list.
Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 9 (1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol9/issue1/durham.html >

Abstract: This paper examines how the language situation in Switzerland affects, and may be affected by, the choice of languages for Internet use within the country. It focuses primarily on language choices on a mailing list for members of a Pan-Swiss medical student organization. English has become the lingua franca, the preferred language of intra-Swiss communication, within this group. The use of English by list members is charted over four calendar years to determine when and how this change occurred. Qualitative analysis of comments by the members in the e-mails themselves and in interviews provides clues as to why English has become so important on the mailing list. The paper concludes by considering the implications of this case for the linguistic situation in Switzerland in general and for the global spread of English via the Internet.

• Eastin, M. S., & LaRose, R. (2000). Internet self-efficacy and the psychology of the digital divide. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 6 (1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol6/issue1/eastin.html

Abstract: Internet self-efficacy, or the belief in one's capabilities to organize and execute courses of Internet actions required to produce given attainments, is a potentially important factor in efforts to close the digital divide that separates experienced Internet users from novices. Prior research on Internet self-efficacy has been limited to examining specific task performance and narrow behavioral domains rather than overall attainments in relation to general Internet use, and has not yielded evidence of reliability and construct validity. Survey data were collected to develop a reliable operational measure of Internet self-efficacy and to examine its construct validity. An eight-item Internet self-efficacy scale developed for the present study was found to be reliable and internally consistent. Prior Internet experience, outcome expectancies and Internet use were significantly and positively correlated to Internet self-efficacy judgments. Internet stress and self-disparagement were negatively related to Internet self-efficacy. A path analysis model was tested within the theoretical framework of social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1997).

• Ebersole, S.(2000). Uses and gratifications of the Web among students. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 6 (1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol6/issue1/ebersole.html

Abstract: This study was designed to explore how some students in ten public schools view the WWW and how their attitudes and opinions affect their use of this new medium in an educational context. An exploratory principal components analysis of forty use statements resulted in an eight factor solution. Additionally, student responses to a computer-administered survey instrument were collected and analyzed revealing significant differences in the way that students describe their use of the WWW. Gender, grade level, and amount of time spent using the WWW were used to create between-group comparisons of the WWW use categories that made up the computer-administered survey instrument. The final phase of data analysis was a content analysis of sites visited by students. A total of 123,071 URLs were collected from the computers used to administer the computer survey instrument. These were reduced to a total of 500 sites that were reviewed by media specialists. Students were found to be visiting commercial sites at a much higher proportion than those in other domains. Also, the commercial sites received the lowest rating for "suitability for academic research" of all the domain names. And while students reported their purpose for using the WWW as "research and learning" fifty-two percent of the time, the coders found only twenty-seven percent of the sampled sites to be "suitable" for that purpose.

• Elkin-Koren, N. (1996). Public/private and copyright reform in cyberspace. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 2 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol2/issue2/elkin.html
• Erickson, T. (1999). Persistent conversation:  An Introduction. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 4 (4). Available:http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol4/issue4/ericksonintro.html
• Ess, C. E., & Sudweeks, F. (2003). Technologies of despair and hope: CMC in the Middle East. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 8 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol8/issue2/essandsudweeks.html
• Fisher, D. R. (2001). On utopias and dystopias: Toward an understanding of the discourse surrounding the Internet. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 6 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol6/issue2/fisher.html

Abstract: It is clear that the Internet has the capacity to change how individuals interact with others as well as increase access to information. Whether either one of these factors affects the social landscape has yet to be determined. This fact has not kept many from anticipating the effects of the technology on society. In this paper, we contextualize some of the main issues of discussion regarding the Internet, describing these positions in terms of utopian and dystopian perspectives. By resurrecting William Ogburn's theory of the cultural lag (1964), we present a framework for understanding the extreme responses to the technology. The lag suggests that the effects of a technology will not be apparent to social actors for some time after it is introduced to a society. As such, much of the discourse concerning the Internet is ideologically charged, filled as much with the hopes and fears of individual authors as with the reality of the medium's effects.

• Foot, K. A., Schneider, S. M., Dougherty, M., Xenos, M., & Larsen, E. (2003). Analyzing linking practices: Candidate sites in the 2002 US electoral Web sphere. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 8(4). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol8/issue4/foot.html

Abstract: This article offers preliminary insights and a possible empirical model for managing the conceptual, methodological, and technological challenges entailed in developmental analysis of link-mediated relations. We offer a "mid-range" approach to making sense of linking practices, midway between close rhetorical/ethnographic analysis of links and large-scale link mapping. We suggest that systematic human coding and interpretation of linked-to producer types affords a more concrete and specific basis for hypothesizing about linking strategies than machine mapping, while providing a more robust attempt to generalize across the universe of candidate Web sites than ethnographic analysis. To illustrate this two-pronged approach to link analysis, we examine the linking practices exhibited on Web sites produced by U.S. Congressional candidates during the 2002 campaign season, focusing on the extent and development of links from candidate Web sites to other types of political Web sites during the three months prior to the November, 2002 election.

• Gammack, J.. (2002). Mindscapes And Internet-mediated communication. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 7(3). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol7/issue3/gammack.html

Abstract: Cultures are considered to be epistemologically heterogeneous, and it is assumed that epistemologically similar individuals exist across distinct cultures. Epistemological type is viewed as prior to, and transcendent of, nationality and culture. Identifying a shared epistemological basis for communication will be more likely to succeed in dialogical contexts where conformity to prevailing national stereotypes may fail. Two levels of communication are distinguished: explicate (here seen as conformity to social and cultural symbolic norms and conventions), and implicate (the level at which implicit, abstract communicative intention originates). Cyberspatial interactions potentially undermine normative cultural influences and permit multicultural or transcultural environments in which new codes extending from epistemological types (rather than cultural) become possible, limited only by media potential and symbolization itself. Drawing upon Maruyama's (1980) theory, implications for an alternative to the homogenization of verbal communication, and potential elements of codes for universal understandings are considered.

• Garton, L., Haythornthwaite, C., & Wellman, B. (1997). Studying online social networks. Journal of Computer Mediated-Communication [On-line], 3 (1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue1/garton.html

Abstract: When a computer network connects people or organizations, it is a social network. Yet the study of such computer-supported social networks has not received as much attention as studies of human-computer interaction, online person-to-person interaction, and computer-supported communication within small groups. We argue the usefulness of a social network approach for the study of computer-mediated communication. We review some basic concepts of social network analysis, describe how to collect and analyze social network data, and demonstrate where social network data can be, and have been, used to study computer-mediated communication. Throughout, we show the utility of the social network approach for studying computer-mediated communication, be it in computer-supported cooperative work, in virtual community, or in more diffuse interactions over less bounded systems such as the Internet.

• Gay, G. (2000). Editor's Introduction: Computer-Mediated Visual Communication . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 5 (4). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol5/issue4/gay.html
• Gay, G., & Lentini, M. (1995). Use of communication resources in a networked collaborative design environment. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 1 (1).Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol1/issue1/IMG_JCMC/ResourceUse.html

Abstract: The goal of this exploratory study is to examine student use of a prototype networked collaborative design environment to support or augment learning about engineering design. The specific goals of the research are to characterize design activities and practices and to examine the use of multiple communication resources to augment activities in a three-way group collaboration. This paper examines the communication resource use of students engaged in a collaborative design activity. Students use the channels for a variety of activities to increase depth of communication, increase breadth of communication, and overcome technical difficulty. Conclusions suggest that students need multiple representations of design information to effectively move the design process forward.

• Gay, G., Sturgill, A., Martin, W., & Huttenlocher, D. (1999). Document-centered peer collaborations: An exploration of the educational uses of networked communication technologies. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 4 (3). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol4/issue3/gay.html

Abstract: Document-centered software, such as the CoNote application developed at Cornell University, supports cooperative work systems by facilitating communication within work groups via shared annotations (marginal notes) on a set of documents. The central idea is that shared annotations provide an effective communications forum for groups whose work involves frequent reference to some set of documents (e.g., teachers and students, field service workers, editors and publishers, organizations). In this study we examined how students used annotation tools for communication and learning and attempted to identify which factors influenced students' interpretations of these collaboration tools. It appears that the beliefs that users hold about what constitutes a legitimate educational experience can influence the value they ascribe to educational software. Gender also seemed to have an impact on whether students felt that the annotations helped them create better Web sites and learn more effectively.

• Gebauer, J., & Scharl, A. (1999). Between flexibility and automation: An evaluation of Web technology from abusiness process perspective. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 5 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol5/issue2/gebauer.html

Abstract Web information systems hold great potential to streamline and improve business-to-business-transactions. However, not all Web technologies are equally suited to support the different business processes throughout their distinct phases. In this paper, we outline a framework to improve the conceptual design of Web-based information systems to support business-to-business transactions. The framework consists of three parts. The first part delineates the different phases of commercial transaction processes, part two introduces a model to evaluate process infrastructures, and part three categorizes Web technologies and underlying communication models. By combining the three parts, we can match available systems with the requirements of transaction processes in a structured way. This integration allows improving long-term process efficiency, and helps to identify areas where the information system functionality is currently inadequate.

• Girard, T., Silverblatt, R., & Korgaonkar, P. (2002). Influence of product class on preference for shopping on the Internet (2002).
Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 8 (1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol8/issue1/girard.html

Abstract: The study reported here examined the influence of product classification (i.e., search, experience, and credence) on consumer preferences for shopping on the Internet, and the importance of Internet retailers' attributes. In addition, the authors investigated whether the emphasis consumers place on Internet retailer attributes significantly influences their online purchase preference for the different product categories. Based on the review of the product classification literature, products are classified into four categories: search products, two types of experience products, and credence products. Data were collected from adult Internet users in two phases, through self-administered surveys. The findings of the present study support the hypothesis that product classes significantly influence consumers' online purchase preferences. Internet retailer attributes were found to be important as well. In addition, the findings confirm that the importance consumers place upon Internet retailer attributes significantly influences their online purchase preference for different product categories. Managerial and academic implications are discussed.

• Goldring, J. (1996). Consumer protection, the nation-state, law, globalization,and democracy. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 2 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol2/issue2/goldring.html
• Gordin, D.N., Gomez, L.M., Pea, L.M., & Fishman, B.J. (1996). Using the World Wide Web to build learning communities in K-12. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 2 (3). Available:http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol2/issue3/gordin.html

Abstract: Social accounts of learning and human knowledge have led to attempts to reorganize schools as learning communities. This paper examines the utility of the World Wide Web for aiding in the construction of school-based and work-based learning communities. An ordered list of interactions is provided to characterize the depth of students' entry into new learning communities. Current offerings on the World Wide Web are then surveyed in terms of these categories. Finally, proposals are advanced for enhancing the architecture of the WWW to facilitate its use for the creation and operation of learning communities.

• Grabowski, M., & Roberts, K. H. (1998). Risk mitigation in virtual organizations. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 3 (4). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue4/grabowski.html

Abstract: This paper examines the problem of risk mitigation in virtual organizations (VO's). We begin by discussing risk propensity in virtual organizations, and draw on a variety of research to suggest processes important in obtaining high levels of reliable performance in VO's. From this research we identify four processes we think are important: organizational structuring and design, communication, culture, and trust. Based on existing research done in conventional and high reliability organizations, we suggest how these processes may enhance reliability in VO's. We discuss how thoughtful management of these attributes can mitigate risk, and conclude with a theoretical and research agenda for future work.

• Greenleaf, G. (1996). A proposed privacy code for Asia-Pacific cyberlaw. Journal of Computer Mediated-Communication [On-line], 2 (1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol2/issue1/asiapac.html
• Guzley, R. M., Avanzino, S., & Bor, A. (2001). Simulated computer-mediated/video-interactive distance learning: A test of motivation, interaction satisfaction, delivery, learning & perceived effectiveness, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 6 (3). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol6/issue3/guzley.html

Abstract: This paper reports on an innovative, computer-mediated, educational technology application in a simulated distance learning environment. As an initial evaluation, real student groups completed an entire university course using this state-of-the-art, two-way synchronous audio/visual communication technology, Distributed Tutored Video Instruction (DTVI). The study reported here explored student perceptions of a simulated distance learning environment using the system. The learning environment was characterized by videotaped lectures by the course instructor, delivered in computer-mediated small group settings. Six separate groups made up of six to eight students and a facilitator were studied. Group members were in separate locations, interacting via synchronous audio and visual computer channels. Our findings indicate an overall high level of perceived effectiveness and satisfaction with the instructional mode. In addition, significant relationships were established between facilitator effectiveness and student satisfaction, student motivation and class participation, student exam grades and perceived amount of group discussion. Findings indicate innovations in computer-mediated instructional designs can achieve desired levels of participant interaction considered critical to effective distance education technology.

• Ha, H.-Y. (2002). The effects of consumer risk perception on pre-purchase information in online auctions: Brand, word-of-mouth, and customized information.
Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 8 (1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol8/issue1/ha.html

Abstract: This study examines how consumer information processing affects consumers' perception of risk prior to purchase. In particular, this research focuses on pre-purchase information such as brand, word-of-mouth, and customized information. The results show that customized information and word-of-mouth communication influence consumers more than do other types of information from online auctions. Consumers rely on these two factors because they are based on consumer experience and relevant to product purchase. Nevertheless, brand also has a significant effect upon consumer perceived risk. Pre-purchase information processing is directly related to reducing consumers' risk perception. In particular, information processing associated with product performance plays a crucial role in reducing consumers' perceived risk in online transactions. The results offer insights to e-marketers and e-marketing researchers about the role of pre-purchase information in management and e-commerce.

• Haythornthwaite, C., Kazmer, M. M., Robins, J., & Shoemaker, S. (2000). Community development among distance learners: Temporal and technological dimensions. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 6 (1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol6/issue1/haythornthwaite.html

Abstract: This paper explores social support and community development among members of a computer-supported distance learning program. The research focuses on what characterizes this community, and how students define and maintain community while largely restricted to communication through media that have been viewed as unsuitable for the maintenance of close social bonds. Interviews conducted over a year with 17 students reveal the importance of community and its role in supporting them in their "different kind of world" and important temporal and technological dimensions associated with community development. Each cohort begins in physical proximity with an intensive, on-campus "boot camp" that acts as a lasting bonding experience. When students return home, they reinvent this physical proximity as virtual proximity, appropriating technology and the opportunities afforded them by class and program structures to socialize and work with people they met on-campus. They enjoy the temporal proximity of "live" lectures and appropriate Internet Relay Chat's "whispering" facility to socialize; they make near-synchronous use of email, and use the timing of assignment submission to initiate email exchanges. Those who fail to make such connections feel isolated and more stressed than those who are more active in the community. Recommendations include promoting initial bonding, monitoring and supporting continued interaction and participation, and providing multiple means of communication to support the need to engage in work and social interaction, both publicly and privately. Overall, our interviews show that belonging to a community brings benefits to the individuals and to the program, and supports efforts by educators who strive to provide such a community for their distance learners.

• Hawkins, R., & Verhoest, P.. (2002). A transaction structure approach to assessing the dynamics and impacts of 'business-to-business' electronic commerce. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 7(3). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol7/issue3/hawkins.html

Abstract: This paper proposes some ways forward in stimulating and structuring interdisciplinary research on business-to-business electronic commerce. A 'commerce-centered' perspective is proposed that is grounded in concepts of commerce as a complex socio-economic institution. On this basis, a conceptual framework is developed for assessing the dynamics and impacts of electronic commerce in the value chains of products and services. The approach focuses on examining technical change in transaction structures, and how this relates to the evolution of electronically-mediated business relationships in the rapidly developing Internet environment. The approach is oriented towards critical research questions concerning the effects of electronic commerce on the ways various market participants exercise and/or respond to control over the organization and operation of value chains, and the implications for business, the public interest and policy. The practical research possibilities of the transaction structure approach are then discussed as oriented toward a comparative analytical framework.

• Hellsten, I. (2003). Focus on metaphors: The case of "Frankenfood" on the Web. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 8(4). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol8/issue4/hellsten.html

Abstract: The metaphor of "Frankenfood" rapidly spread into popular use at the end of the 1990s, to the extent that it was even added to the New Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 2000 edition. The metaphor gained wide popularity at least partly because of the active campaigns of various NGOs on their Web pages. The metaphor was also widely used in more informal e-mail and newsgroups on the Web, and seemed to provide common ground for different discourses. In this article, I explore the way metaphors relate different discourses on the Internet. This approach may open up new ways of analyzing both the network structure on the Internet, and the substantial aspects of the debate within the network. I first follow the development of the metaphor of "Frankenfood" over time, and then I map the uses of the metaphor by various sites on the Web. The aim is to discuss the role of metaphors as tools of communication by combining diachronic analysis of the expanding network around the metaphor with the static snapshots of the main sites' textual structure.

• Herring, S. (1999). Interactional coherence in CMC. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 4 (4). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol4/issue4/herring.html

Abstract: Text-only CMC has been claimed to be interactionally incoherent due to limitations imposed by messaging systems on turn-taking and reference, yet its popularity continues to grow. In an attempt to resolve this apparent paradox, this study evaluates the coherence of computer-mediated interaction by surveying research on cross-turn coherence. The results reveal a high degree of disrupted adjacency, overlapping exchanges, and topic decay. Two explanations are proposed to account for the popularity of CMC despite its relative incoherence: the ability of users to adapt to the medium, and the advantages of loosened coherence for heightened interactivity and language play.

• Ho, J. (1997). Evaluating the World Wide Web: A global study of commercial sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 3(1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue1/ho.html

Abstract: While commercial applications of the Internet proliferate, particularly in the form of business sites on the World Wide Web, on-line business is still relatively insignificant. One reason is that truly compelling applications have yet to be devised to penetrate the mass market. To help identify approaches that may eventually be successful, one must address the question of what value is being created on the Web. As a first step, this paper proposes a framework to evaluate Web sites from a customer's perspective of value-added. A global study covering 1,800 sites, with representative samples from diverse industries and localities worldwide, is conducted to give a profile of commercial use of the World Wide Web in 1996.

• Ho, J. (2004). APEC multilingual international trade project: Methodology and case reports on needs assessment.
Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 9 (1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol9/issue1/ho.html >

Abstract: As Internet use continues to grow worldwide, its potential to facilitate e-commerce and international trade, especially among small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs), is well recognized. However, formidable barriers in language and word processing have to be overcome before significant uptake of such computer-mediated communication by SMEs can be realized. A pragmatic methodology to enable multilingual e-mail communication is introduced, in a prototype system called "TigerTalk for SMEs." This approach has been endorsed by the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) as the Multilingual International Trade Project. The first phase of needs and feasibility assessment is reported in eight case studies.

• Hoffman, D.L., Novak, T.P., & Chatterjee, P. (1995). Commercial scenarios for the Web: Opportunities and challenges. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 1 (3). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol1/issue3/hoffman.html

Abstract: The potential of the World Wide Web on the Internet as a commercial medium and market has been widely documented in a variety of media. However, a critical examination of its commercial development has received little attention. Therefore, in this paper we propose a structural framework for examining the explosion in commercial activity on the Web. First, we explore the role of the Web as a distribution channel and a medium for marketing communications. Second, we examine the factors that have led to the development of the Web as a commercial medium, evaluating the benefits it provides to both consumers and firms and its attractive size and demographic characteristics. Third, we discuss the barriers to commercial growth of the Web from both the supply and demand side perspectives. This analysis leads to a new classification of commercialization efforts that categorizes commercial Web sites into six distinct types including 1) Online Storefront, 2) Internet Presence, 3) Content, 4) Mall, 5) Incentive Site, and, 6) Search Agent. The first three comprise the "Integrated Destination Site," and the latter three represent forms of "Web Traffic Control." Our framework, argued in the context of integrated marketing, facilitates greater understanding of the Web as a commercial medium, and allows examination of commercial Web sites in terms of the opportunities and challenges firms face in the rush towards commercialization.

• Hoffman, D.L., Novak, T.P., & Schlosser, A.E. (2000). The evoluation of the digital divide:How gaps in Internet access may impact elecronic commerce. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 5 (3). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol5/issue3/hoffman.html

Abstract: Enthusiasm for the anticipated social dividends of the Internet appears boundless. Indeed, the Internet is expected to do no less than virtually transform society. Yet even as the Internet races ambitiously toward critical mass, some social scientists are beginning to examine carefully the policy implications of current demographic patterns of Internet access and usage. Key demographic variables like income and education drive the policy questions surrounding the Internet because they are the most likely have a differential impact on the consequences of interactive electronic media for different segments in our society. Given these concerns, we set out to conduct a systematic investigation of the differences between whites and African Americans in the United States with respect to computer access, the primary current prerequisite for Internet access, and Web use. We wished to examine whether observed race differences in access and use can be accounted for by differences in income and education, how access influences use, and when race matters in the calculus of equal access. The particular emphasis of this research is on how such differences may be changing over time. We believe our results may be used as a window through which policymakers might view the job of ensuring access to the Internet for the next generation.

• Holmes, D. (2002). Transformations in the mediation of publicness: Communicative interaction in the network society. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 7 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol7/issue2/holmes.html

Abstract Recent debates on the role of computer-mediated communication (CMC) in facilitating a democratisation of the public sphere are criticized for presenting inadequate accounts of the public sphere that is being transformed. Like broadcast communication, computer-mediated communication does not obey national borders. Because of this a number of questions are raised insofar as the traditional conception of the public sphere has invariably corresponded to the nation-state. The difference between embodied and electronic assemblies, between an homogenous public sphere and public 'sphericules' is introduced in order to clarify the political and communicative significance of contemporary CMC.

• Hossain, L., & Wigand, R. T. (2004). ICT enabled virtual collaboration through trust. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 10(1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol10/issue1/hossain_wigand.html

Abstract: The advent of information and communication technology (ICT) provides opportunities for employees with offices in geographically dispersed locations to communicate, share and collaborate on projects to achieve common business goals. Previous studies on computer-mediated communication and computer-supported cooperative work suggest that the higher utilization of ICT for supporting collaborative work is largely dependent on the business strategy, which promotes trust among parties. Our focus is on understanding the effect of virtual organizing for achieving higher collaboration in virtual settings. We identify the challenges for developing trust in a virtual collaborative environment. We describe how the process for virtual organizing helps promote higher levels of collaboration among parties in geographically dispersed locations. We posit that virtual organizing helps support creating, sustaining and deploying key intellectual and knowledge assets while sourcing tangible, physical assets in a complex network of relationships. Our analysis demonstrates that the real challenge for the management of virtual collaboration is trust and has to be guided by a shared business principle or shared vision. Eight propositions are offered based on this analysis. We conclude that virtual organizing as presented here suggests a set of rules and norms enabling and constraining actions that promote a desired and required higher level of trust. This, in turn, is critical (a) to the development and sustainability of virtual collaboration and (b) to ensure the optimal use of ICT.

• Hu, Y., Fowler Wood, J., Smith, V., & Westbrook, N. (2004). Friendships through IM: Examining the relationship between instant messaging and intimacy. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 10(1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol10/issue1/hu.html

Abstract: This study explores the relationship between the amount of Instant Messenger (IM) use and the level of perceived intimacy between friends. Results showed the amount of IM use was positively associated not only with verbal intimacy, but also with affective and social intimacy. Findings are consistent with the relationship liberated perspective of computer-mediated communication, and suggest that IM promotes rather than hinders intimacy. Moreover, frequent conversation via IM actually encourages the desire to meet face-to-face. Theoretical as well as practical implications of the results for geographically remote friends and families are discussed.

• Hutchison, C. (1995). The 'ICP Online': Jeux sans frontieres onthe CyberCampus. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line],1 (1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol1/issue1/hutchison/CHRISR.html

Abstract: With new technologies relentlessly redefining the way we work and live, it may not merely be an anachronism to continue to embrace the model of the traditional residential university as the primary locus of learning -- it may arguably be an impediment to appropriate learning and ultimately a threat to growth, both economic and personal. Partly from this vision, and partly from the imperative of improving student mobility within the European Union, ERASMUS-funded Inter-university Cooperation Programmes (ICP) have been created. ICP OnLine, accessed through the World Wide Web, was launched in the Summer of 1994 to provide "virtual mobility." This article focuses on an ICP OnLine in the area of Informatics/Artificial Intelligence and discusses the programme's objectives, student experiences, and the risks and opportunities afforded by multicultural/multilingual Internet-based education.

• Jackson, M. J. (1997). Assessing the structure of communication on theWorld Wide Web. Journal of Computer Mediated-Communication [On-line],3 (1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue1/jackson.html

Abstract: This paper examines closely the nature of the hypertext link as a communication tool for Web designers and authors. The strategic nature of the link raises important questions for the representation and interpretation of Web structure. Network analysis is suggested as a methodology that can be used by researchers investigating the World Wide Web from a communication perspective.

• Jacobson, D. (1999). Impression formation in cyberspace: Online expectations and offline experiences in text-based virtual communities. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 5 (1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol5/issue1/jacobson.html

Abstract: How do people in cyberspace picture one another? More specifically, how do individuals engaged in text-based computer-mediated communication (CMC), with its paucity of visual and auditory cues, form impressions of those with whom they interact? And how do expectations formed online compare with offline experiences? Researchers have begun to answer these questions, drawing primarily on theories of stereotyping. This paper uses prototype theory and related models to extend previous research and to account for discrepancies between online image and offline reality. It draws on interviews with individuals who first met others online and subsequently moved to face-to-face interaction; it also utilizes comparisons between text-based impressions formed online and photographs displayed on web pages.

• Janower, C.R. (1996). Gambling on the Internet. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 2 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol2/issue2/janower.html

Abstract: This paper explores the political and social implications of the emerging online gambling industry and the ability of the existing legal framework to halt the industry's development. Making gambling more broadly available via the networks threatens heightened crime, an increased incidence of compulsive gambling, and cannibalized spending in other areas of the economy. Yet, U.S. state and federal laws are inadequate to deal with the onslaught of virtual gaming. States are unlikely to be able to prosecute out of state casino operators operating in cyberspace. Although they may be able to prosecute their own citizens for gambling on-line, enforcement will be difficult. Federal statutes may criminalize cyberspace casinos, but the U.S. government's ability to prosecute foreign operators is questionable. As existing legal frameworks prove inadequate to deal with a global, intangible entity, new legal, technological, and political solutions will have to be crafted in order to protect Americans from the substantial externalities posed by on-line gambling.

• Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Leidner, D. E. (1998). Communication and trust in global virtual teams. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 3 (4). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue4/jarvenpaa.html

Abstract: This paper explores the challenges of creating and maintaining trust in a global virtual team whose members transcend time, space, and culture. The challenges are highlighted by integrating recent literature on work teams, computer-mediated communication groups, cross-cultural communication, and interpersonal and organizational trust. To explore these challenges empirically, we report on a series of descriptive case studies on global virtual teams whose members were separated by location and culture, were challenged by a common collaborative project, and for whom the only economically and practically viable communication medium was asynchronous and synchronous computer-mediated communication. The results suggest that global virtual teams may experience a form of 'swift' trust but such trust appears to be very fragile and temporal. The study raises a number of issues to be explored and debated by future research. Pragmatically, the study describes communication behaviors that might facilitate trust in global virtual teams.

• Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Tractinsky, N. (1999). Consumer trust in an Internet store: A cross-cultural validation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 5 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol5/issue2/jarvenpaa.html

Abstract: Many have speculated that trust plays a critical role in stimulating consumer purchases over the Internet. Most of the speculations have rallied around U.S. consumers purchasing from U.S.--based online merchants. The global nature of the Internet raises questions about the robustness of trust effects across cultures. Culture may also affect the antecedents of consumer trust; that is, consumers in different cultures might have differing expectations of what makes a web merchant trustworthy. Here we report on a cross-cultural validation of an Internet consumer trust model. The model examined both antecedents and consequences of consumer trust in a Web merchant. The results provide tentative support for the generalizability of the model.

• Jeffres, L. W., Atkin, D. J., Campanella Bracken, C., & Neuendorf, K. A. (2004). Cosmopoliteness in the Internet age. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 10(1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol10/issue1/jeffres.html

Abstract: The concept of cosmopoliteness previously has been associated with the diffusion of innovations. Previous research suggests that cosmopolites are earlier adopters of innovations (e.g., new media technologies) and that they use more diverse media sources. This paper details the history of the concept and identifies eight dimensions. Two surveys were employed to investigate the relationship between the concept of cosmopoliteness and new media technology usage. The results indicate that most Internet use behaviors are positively associated with cosmopoliteness. However, this pattern was not found for other media applications such as e-mail and watching DVDs. Implications of study findings are discussed.

• Johnson, J. D., Chang, H., Pobocik, S., Ethington, C., Ruesch, D., Wooldridge, J., & Mruphy, J. R. (2000). Functional work groups and evaluations of communication channels: Comparisons of six competing theoretical perspectives. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 6 (1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol6/issue1/johnson.html

Abstract: This paper examines perceptions of three different communication channels (written, interpersonal, and e-mail) in a new organizational form, from six perspectives: social information processing, decision making, cost minimization, social presence, uncertainty reduction, and appraisal. In this study three functional groups within the Cancer Information Service (CIS) were examined: Project Directors (N=11), Outreach Coordinators (N=16), and Telephone Service Managers (N=17). The results indicated that there were few significant differences between these functional groupings. While there were clear differences between theoretical perspectives, the specific functional role differences related to them only marginally supported our hypotheses. This study suggested that refocusing on fundamental underlying processes may be necessary at this stage in the development of the literature on channel selection in organizations.

• Johnson, D.R. (1996). Due process and cyberjurisdiction. Journal of Computer Mediated-Communication [On-line], 2 (1). Available:http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol2/issue1/due.html
• Jones, Q. (1997). Virtual-communities, virtual settlements & cyber-archaeology: A theoretical outline. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 3 (3). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue3/jones.html

Abstract: If useful explanations are to be provided about the relationship between computer mediated communication (CMC) technologies and online behavior, then a longer-term perspective needs to be taken than the current focus of CMC researchers. This paper provides such a perspective by outlining in theoretical terms how a cyber-archaeology of virtual communities can be conducted. In archaeology, researchers focus on cultural artifacts. A similar focus on the cultural artifacts of virtual communities should be a focus for CMC researchers as these artifacts can provide an integrative framework for a community's life, be it virtual or real. It is proposed that CMC researchers pursue cyber-archaeology by systematically examining and modeling the framework for virtual community life provided by their cultural artifacts.

The systematic exploration of cyber-space via cyber-archaeology cannot proceed without adequate linguistic tools that allow for taxonomy. The first step in the creation of such a taxonomy is to distinguish between virtual communities and their cyber-place, the virtual settlement. The second, is to define and operationalize the term virtual settlement so that they can be systematically characterized and modeled. With this new terminology, it is possible to detail a cyber-archaeology where technological determinism is replaced with the notion of bounded hierarchies and material behavior. The theoretical outline will show how cultural artifacts can play a role in constraining the forms virtual settlements can sustain. The modeling of the boundaries of virtual settlements via cyber-archaeology should dramatically increase our understanding of communication in general.

• Jones, S. (1997). Using the news: An examination of the value and use of news sources in CMC. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 2 (4). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol2/issue4/jones.html

Abstract: This study examines one facet of the penetration of personal computers into everyday life. It seeks to discover how members of a Usenet newsgroup value and use news sources. Electronic news sources predominated. An important finding is that media use was not tied to the user's local geographic. The study raises several questions for future research: What are the rhetorical dimensions of media use in electronic communities? How might our understanding of readers and communities be affected by new patterns of media use in electronic communities?

• Kamali, N., & Loker, S. (2002). Mass customization: On-line consumer involvement in product design . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 7 (4). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol7/issue4/loker.html

Abstract: Using a channel theory framework, this experimental study investigated the on-line involvement of consumers in product design, a mass customization approach. Three treatments varying the level of participants' design involvement in the design of a T-shirt were developed to simulate a Web-based retail environment. Results established an overall interest in design involvement, some support for higher levels of design involvement in shopping for apparel, and higher satisfaction with a Web site's navigation and usability as involvement increased. The study demonstrated that the Internet provides an acceptable interactive platform and distribution channel for consumer design involvement and should be considered by e-tailers. Additional research directions are recommended.

• Katsh, M.E. (1996). Lawyers in the networld. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 2 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol2/issue2/katsh.html


• Kim, J., & LaRose, R. (2004). Interactive e-commerce: Promoting consumer efficiency or impulsivity? Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 10(1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol10/issue1/kim_larose.html

Abstract: Previous research established that online shopping activity might be caused by impulse as much as by rational thinking about the conveniences of e-commerce. Interactive features of ecommerce sites, such as email alerts of special offers and “clickable” product arrays, may stimulate unregulated buying activity by undermining consumer self-regulation, but this connection has not been empirically verified. In this study, structural equation modeling techniques were used to model the relationship of interactive e-commerce features to online buying activity with a sample of 174 college students. Recreational shopping orientation predicted the usage of interactive shopping features thought to promote unregulated purchases, increasing deficient self-regulation, and leading to increased online buying activity. Convenience shopping orientation had a direct impact on buying activity, but it did not influence buying activity through the usage of convenience shopping features. Convenience shopping orientation also contributed to the usage of recreational shopping features that promoted deficient self-regulation. Overall, the model explained fifty percent of the variance in online buying activity.

• Kim, K.-J., & Bonk, C. J. (2002). Cross-cultural comparisons of online collaboration.
Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 8 (1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol8/issue1/kimandbonk.html

Abstract: This study investigated two interconnected conferences formed by students and instructors from two different cultures-Finland and the United States-to discuss case situations or problems in school observations,in order to examine cross-cultural differences in online collaborative behaviors among undergraduate preservice teachers. A conference for Korean students in the following semester was added and analyzed for more diverse cross-cultural comparisons. In terms of the first part of this study, computer log data indicated that there were more cross-cultural postings in the Finnish conference by U.S. students than Finnish visitors within the U.S. conference. In addition, student postings made up nearly 80 percent of these discussions. Qualitative content analyses of computer transcripts were conducted to compare their collaborative behaviors with the conferences. Results revealed some cross-cultural differences in the participants' online collaborative behaviors. Korean students were more social and contextually driven online, Finnish students were more group-focused as well as reflective and, at times, theoretically driven, and U.S. students more action-oriented and pragmatic in seeking results or giving solutions. The U.S. and Finnish students spent much time sharing knowledge and resources and also providing cross-cultural feedback. Findings indicate that instructors who facilitate online collaboration among multicultural students need to be aware of cultural differences in the learners' online collaborative behaviors, and such differences need to be taken into account to foster online collaboration among culturally diverse learners. Some data from post-collaboration questionnaires, student interviews, and videoconferencing further informed these findings.

• Kim, T., & Biocca, F. (1997). Telepresence via television: Two dimensions of telepresence may have different connections to memory and persuasion. Journal of Computer Mediated-Communication [On-line], 3 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue2/kim.html

Abstract: To be truly useful for media theory, the concept of presence should be applicable to all forms of virtual environments including those of traditional media like television and traditional content such as advertising. This study reports the results of an experiment on the effects of the visual angle of the display (sensory saturation) and room illumination (sensory suppression) on the sensation of telepresence during normal television viewing. A self-report measure of presence yielded two factors. Using Gerrig's terminology for the sense of being transported to a mediated environments, we labeled the two factors "arrival," for the feeling of being there in the virtual environment, and "departure," for the feeling of not being there in the in physical environment. It appears that being in the virtual environment is not equivalent to not being in the physical environment. A path analysis found that these two factors have very different relationships to viewer memory for the experience and for attitude change (i.e., buying intention and confidence in product decision). We theorize that the departure factor may be measuring the feeling that the medium has disappeared and may constitute a deeper absorption into the virtual environment. The study did not find evidence that visual angle and room illumination affected the sensation of telepresence

• Kirsh, E.M., Phillips, D.W., & McIntyre, D.E. (1996). Recommendations for the evolution of cyberlaw. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 2 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol2/issue2/kirsh.html

Abstract: This article focuses on the privacy implications arising from an increasing reliance on digital networks for communication, commerce, education and entertainment. Greater access to the maze of information and services will create needs for customized services and tools to guide users through the information anarchy and channel products of interest to consumers. Yet these trends raise concerns about what usage data will be collected and how such data will be stored, used and disclosed to others. While there have been calls from privacy advocates in the U.S. to adopt the European model and create new privacy laws and federal agencies to govern data use practices, this approach conflicts with not only traditional U.S. legal privacy paradigms, but also with current U.S. public opinion. The global market for interactive services, the U.S. public's growing concern for their privacy in cyberspace and reluctance to rely on government intervention with respect to personal privacy matters all support initial reliance on market forces and the industry-regulatory model. For U.S. providers of interactive services to remain competitive in the United States and operate in global markets, they must establish and maintain their subscribers' trust with respect to individual privacy. Consumers will penalize providers who fail to proactively disclose their data collection practices and privacy safeguards.

• Klein, S. & Selz, D. (2000). Cybermediation in auto distribution: Channel dynamics and conflicts. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 5 (3). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol5/issue3/kleinselz.htm

Abstract: The emerging electronic market space will change the structure of value chains and will - in particular - increase the presence of intermediaries so called cybermediaries. The paper examines the roles and functions of these new players and their impact on established distribution and sales channels in the case of the automotive industry. Two different automotive cybermediaries categories are identified: automotive service brokers and automotive information brokers. Their initial success indicates that they might become serious competitors to the auto manufacturer's exclusive distribution systems. Our analysis focuses on the impact of the Web in an industry, which is characterized by physical products and infrastructures. Based on this analysis and reconstruction of current trends in the auto industry, we will discuss strategic options for auto manufacturers using a blend of market brand strength mixed with the concept of an on-line community.

• Kollman, T. (2001). Measuring the acceptance of electronic marketplaces: A study based on a used-car trading site. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 6 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol6/issue2/kollmann.html

Abstract: Electronic marketplaces act as intermediaries between supply and demand. Such forums are often organized by a central operator and are a common form of electronic commerce. The operators are independent entrepreneurs who are competing against one another for business. Their objective is to win over users for their own marketplace in order to generate fees by matching buyers and sellers. This is only possible when the marketplace design is 'acceptable' to the users. Using data from an empirical study, the present article analyzes criteria which marketplace users considered important in determining their acceptance of an electronic marketplace. The data were collected from the users (buyers and sellers) of a used-car trading site.

• Koutsogiannis, D., & Mitsikopoulou, B. (2004). Greeklish and Greekness: Trends and discourses of "glocalness."
Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 9 (1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol9/issue1/kouts_mits.html >

Abstract: Within the context of the new communication ecosystem, attitudes towards computer-mediated discourse (CMD) practices have not been extensively investigated. This study explores social attitudes towards "Greeklish," a specific discursive phenomenon of CMD, which involves the use of the Latin alphabet in Greek online communication. It approaches Greeklish as a glocal social practice, and investigates attitudes towards Greeklish as they are represented in the Greek press. Three main trends are identified in the corpus. The first, a retrospective trend, views Greeklish as a serious threat to the Greek language; the second, prospective trend, approaches Greeklish as a transitory phenomenon which will soon become negligible due to technological advances; the third, resistive trend, points to the negative effects of globalization and relates Greeklish to other communication and sociocultural practices. Adopting a critical discourse-analytic perspective, this study attempts to map the discourses which permeate each one of these trends in order to reveal different, often heterogeneous and conflicting representations of Greeklish in Greek society at a specific historical moment.

• Kozar, S. (1995). Enduring traditions, ethereal transmissions: Recreating Chinese new year celebrations on the Internet. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 1 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol1/issue2/kozar.html

Abstract: This paper presents a post-modern discussion of the playful re- creation of Chinese New Year "cards" by Chinese students through the electronic medium of the Internet. "Re-creation" here refers to two distinctive, yet related styles of performance. Firstly, it describes the recycling of traditional Chinese motifs and large-character texts --lanterns, wishes for good fortune in the coming year and so on-- from year to year in different combinations to create novel greetings. Secondly, it signifies the increasingly popular practice of incorporating festive symbols from other cultures, such as menorahs and Christmas trees, into the electronic greetings. Through the juxtaposition of traditional and contemporary, borrowed texts, the seemingly disordered pastiches are transformed into uniquely Chinese expressions of celebration. Re-creation and transmission of these greetings also requires a certain degree of technical performance on the part of senders and receivers before they can fully participate in this playful discourse. This paper also discusses how Chinese-language freeware and shareware programs must often be downloaded and locally installed by users before these encoded texts can be translated and displayed in readable Chinese characters. At another level of performance, anonymous Chinese computer artists may use some of these or similar tools to actually design greetings which then have the potential for global distribution and reproduction. "The Ten Thousand-Dimensional Web of Heaven and Net on Earth" (WWW) is quickly becoming an integral feature of many Chinese students' intra-cultural communication, a vast rhetorical surface where one can do anything from peruse a classical novel to select a clever greeting to send to an old friend now halfway around the world.

• Kraut, R., Steinfield, C., Chan, A., Butler, B., & Hoag, A. (1998).Coordination and virtualization: The role of electronic networks and personal relationships. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line],3 (4). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue4/kraut.html

Abstract: One view holds that organizations are virtual to the extent that they outsource key components of their production processes, and that electronic networks make it easier to do this. The goal of the present paper is to examine explicitly the effects that use of electronic networks for transactions with suppliers have on firms' degree of virtualization. In so doing, we also highlight factors that influence the use of networks for coordination with suppliers, and the impact such use has on coordination success. Contrary to much recent speculation, the use of electronic networks for transactions was not associated with increased outsourcing, but rather greater dependence on internal production. Moreover, the use of interpersonal relationships for coordination, which many think of as an alternative to electronic network use, was positively associated with greater network use. Surprisingly, use of electronic networks was negatively associated with such outcomes as order quality and efficiency, and satisfaction with suppliers, while more reliance on personal linkages was associated with better outcomes and mitigated the negative consequences of using electronic networks.

• Krikorian, D.H., Lee, J-S., Chock, T.M., & Harms, C. (2000). Isn't That Spatial?: Distance and Communication in a 2-D Virtual Environment. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 5 (4). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol5/issue4/krikorian.html

Abstract: This article examines the spatial relationships between avatars (i.e., graphical identities or icons) over time in a 2-dimensional online chat environment. The Spatial Distance Analysis Program (SDAP) was developed to measure the distance between avatars in a specially designed Palace environment. Correlations between distance and interpersonal communication constructs of (1) conversational appropriateness, (2) social attraction, and (3) uncertainty reduction indicate that distance effects are significant in an online environment. Specifically, it was found that general conversational appropriateness mediated between uncertainty reduction and specific conversational appropriateness for individuals who moved closer together and farther apart over time, respectively. Furthermore, the relationship between social attraction and distance indicated a significant positive parabolic function; that social attraction (i.e., liking) decreased at middle distances and increased at low and high distances. This finding suggests that there are three interpersonal distance zones in online communication.

• Krishnamurthy, S. (2001). A Comprehensive Analysis of Permission Marketing . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 6 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol6/issue2/krishnamurthy.html

Abstract: Godin (1999) has proposed a new idea- permission marketing. Here, consumers provide marketers with the permission to send them certain types of promotional messages. This is seen as reducing clutter and search costs for the consumer while improving targeting precision for marketers. This paper makes three contributions: First, a critical analysis of the concept and its relationship to existing ideas in the marketing literature is discussed. Second, a taxonomy of four models used to implement permission marketing today, direct relationship maintenance, permission partnership, ad market and permission pool, is presented. Permission intensity is seen as a key differentiator among models. Finally, a comprehensive conceptual cost-benefit framework is presented that captures the consumer experience in permission marketing programs. Consumer interest is seen as the key dependent variable that influences the degree of participation. Consumer interest is positively affected by message relevance and monetary benefit and negatively affected by information entry/modification costs, message processing costs and privacy costs. Based on this framework, several empirically testable propositions are identified.

• Lapadat, J. (2002). Written interaction: A key component in online learning. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 7 (4). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol7/issue4/lapadat.html

Abstract: Contemporary educators who view learning as interactive, discursive, and situated have argued that well-designed online conferencing environments may be particularly suited to provide the socio-cognitive support for learning seen as fundamental to constructivist pedagogies. In order to assess the relationships between online course design, participants' interactions, and learning, a first step is to examine closely and describe the nature of online class participants' interactions within synchronous and asynchronous conferences. In this article, I address the role of interactive writing as an integral element in the conceptual development that takes place in such online courses. I argue that the interactive textual environment of asynchronous online conferences is particularly facilitative of both social and cognitive construction of meaning because the nature of online interactive writing itself bootstraps the construction of meaning.

• LaRose, R. (2001). On the negative effects of e-commerce: A sociocognitive exploration of unregulated on-line buying. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 6 (3). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol6/issue3/larose.html

Abstract: There is mounting anecdotal and survey evidence of unregulated buying on the Internet, including impulsive and compulsive buying that in extreme cases may constitute a behavioral addiction. Learning theory models of unregulated buying were critically reviewed and reconceptualized in terms of the self-regulatory mechanism from Bandura's (1986) social cognitive theory. A new explanation of unregulated buying was proposed in which depression weakens effective self-regulation. Features that may have encouraged or discouraged unregulated buying were identified at popular electronic commerce sites. Many features may have disrupted accurate self-observation and fostered advantageous social comparisons with other excessive shoppers. The potential for unregulated consumption to disrupt orderly electronic marketplaces was discussed.

• LaRose, R., Gregg, J., & Eastin, M. (1998). Audiographic telecourses for the Web: An experiment. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 4 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol4/issue2/larose.html

Abstract: Prior research on instructional media effects suggested that an audiographic approach to World Wide Web based courses would optimize educational effectiveness along with cost effectiveness, although with a possible loss of teacher immediacy that could adversely affect student attitudes. An introductory telecommunication course was converted to an audiographic Web telecourse in which students listened to pre-recorded audio classroom interactions while viewing a detailed course outline and illustrative sites over the World Wide Web. Forty-nine subjects were recruited from a live lecture class and randomly assigned to either the experimental (Web course) group or a control group that took the class in a traditional lecture section. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) showed that the experimental group had test scores and student attitude and teacher immediacy ratings equal to those of the control group after controlling for student gender, class level, grade point average and attendance. Open-ended interviews were also conducted to assess qualitative dimensions of student satisfaction. The results supported the audiographic telecourse model as a potentially cost-effective approach to distributing courses over the Web. New directions in research on instructional media effects and teacher immediacy were formulated from an analysis of the unique characteristics of the World Wide Web as an instructional medium.

• Lauria, R. (1996). Virtual reality: An empirical-metaphysical testbed. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 2 (1).Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue2/lauria.html

Abstract: If the medium is the message, what is the message of virtual reality (VR)? This article examines virtual reality communications media. Some forms of VR, for example immersive virtual reality, literally situate the user inside an informed computational space. The essence of VR is the inclusive relationship between the participant and the virtual environment. Communication takes place through direct experience in the immersive, digital environment. Thus, these environments may directly implicate what we can say about our very ability to know, that is, about consciousness itself. In this sense, VR brings metaphysical inquiry within the purview of an empirical testbed that conjoins human psychology, or the psychological "presence" of the knowing self, with configurable digital phenomena to define "there." This essay argues that a fundamental message of VR may be to illumine timeless philosophical inquiries concerning the nature of knowing and being and thus direct our attention to what Aristotle called the eternal question: What is reality? VR directs our attention to the nature of reality by directing our attention to consciousness as the experience of being.

• Lee, B.-K., Hong, J.-Y., & Lee, W.-N. (2004). How attitude toward the Web site influences consumer brand choice and confidence while shopping online. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 9 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol9/issue2/lee.html

Abstract: As more and more consumers spend more money on the Internet, traditional retailers and manufacturers as well as entrepreneurial dot-coms are jousting to explore and shape this new business opportunity. Their long-term survival and profitability may be determined by how well the Web site helps form and sustain positive attitudes toward the site and, eventually, toward the product or the company. The purpose of this study is two-fold: (1) to examine if and how attitude toward the Web site (Ast) affects consumer brand choice; and (2) to examine the association between Ast and consumers' confidence in choice, and the moderating effect of consumer product knowledge in its relationship. The study asked participants to choose a laptop brand after visiting three laptop manufacturer Web sites for a total of 30 minutes. Their product knowledge and attitude toward the three Web sites were also measured. The study found that attitude toward the Web site is a good predictor of consumer brand choice. In addition, confidence in choice seemed to be affected by Ast, depending on product knowledge. For a group with low product knowledge (novices), Ast was likely to influence confidence in choice. For a group with high product knowledge (experts), however, Ast did not seem to affect confidence in choice.

• Lee, G.B. (1996). Addressing anonymous messages in cyberspace. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 2 (1). Available:http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol2/issue1/anon.html
• Lee, W., & Kuo, E. C. Y. (2002). Internet and displacement effect: Children's media use and activities in Singapore. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 7 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol7/issue2/singapore.html

Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between Internet use and six activities that are important to childhood development: television viewing, newspaper reading, radio listening, sports and physical exercise, interaction with family, and socializing with friends. Perceived importance of the Internet, television, newspaper, and radio as information sources was also included. A panel of 1,251 secondary-one students was surveyed in 1999, and was revisited in 2000. A total of 817 students remained in the 2000 survey, giving an attrition rate of 34.7%. Results showed that an increase in Internet use depressed television viewing, but stimulated newspaper reading, radio listening, and socializing with friends. However, it had no significant impact on physical activities and interaction with family members. Change in the perception of the importance of the Internet as an information source was also found to be related to the perceived importance of two other media sources. Limitations of the study were included in the discussion section.

• Lekakos, G., & Giaglis, G. M. (2004). A lifestyle-based approach for delivering personalized advertisements in digital interactive television . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 9 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol9/issue2/giaglis.html

Abstract: This paper presents a lifestyle-based approach for the delivery of personalized advertisements in digital interactive television. The theoretical basis of the approach is analyzed, and two variations are discussed. The first (segmentation variation) relies on interaction-based classification of users into lifestyle segments, while the second (similarities variation) is based on the identification of similarities among users based on demographic and TV program preferences data. In both variations, the user's interest is predicted by aggregating lifestyle neighbors' preferences. Results from an empirical validation, in the form of a laboratory experiment, are also presented in order to provide further evidence on the effectiveness and usefulness of the proposed approach when compared with machine learning algorithms, such as classification and nearest neighborhood. The superiority of the proposed approach is also demonstrated against user modeling evaluation methodologies, as well as against traditional marketing targeting practices.

• Li, H., Kuo, C., Lepkowska-White, E., & Russell, M. G. (1999). The impact of perceived channel utilities, shopping orientations, anddemographics on the consumer's online buying behavior. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 5 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol5/issue2/hairong.html

Abstract: This study proposed and tested a model of consumer online buying behavior. The model posits that consumer online buying behavior is affected by demographics, channel knowledge, perceived channel utilities, and shopping orientations. Data were collected by a research company using an online survey of 999 U.S. Internet users, and were cross-validated with other similar national surveys before being used to test the model. Findings of the study indicated that education, convenience orientation, experience orientation, channel knowledge, perceived distribution utility, and perceived accessibility are robust predictors of online buying status (frequent online buyer, occasional online buyer, or non-online buyer) of Internet users. Implications of the findings and directions for future research were discussed.

• Light, A., & Rogers, Y. (1999). Conversation as publishing:  The role of news forums on the Web. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 4 (4). Available:http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol4/issue4/light.html

Abstract: The development of the World Wide Web (Web) has allowed publishers to move away from traditional newspaper models of news presentation to introduce more flexible products that offer both an information source and more scope for interaction with and between users. The opportunity to involve users more in the creation of news content has been exploited in various ways: for instance as discussion forums or as visitor responses to particular questions. This paper reports on an experiment investigating one form of this new kind of interaction, drawing on data from an e-mail questionnaire sent to visitors to The Guardian newspaper's Election 97 website who observed or participated in a series of themed discussion forums in the run up to the 1997 British general election. We present an evaluation of the visitors' behavior in the forums, their motivation and their perceptions of the discussion space. We discuss the findings in relation to the underlying model of the website, pointing out how, despite the flexbility offered by this new mode of interaction, the traditional publisher-contributor relationship remains preferable to both users and developers.

• Liu, C., Day, W., Sun, S., & Wang, G. (2002). User behavior and the "globalness" of Internet: From a Taiwan users' perspective. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 7 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol7/issue2/taiwan.html

Abstract: It is believed that the cyberworld knows no borders and boundaries. Users from all corners of the world are connected. However, the literature stops short of telling us how meaningful and valuable its "borderless" nature actually is to the Internet users themselves. Have they taken full advantage of whatever freedom is available to them in roaming the cyberworld? Do they venture beyond their language and/or cultural group to interact with those whoM they normally would have little opportunity to meet otherwise? To what extent do they take advantage of the opportunity to venture beyond the limits of their "real" worlds? Taiwan houses one of the most vigorous information industries in the world. This paper looks at the general patterns of Internet use in Taiwan, including online activities for communication, information access, and e-commerce. Secondly, a special effort is made to examine the "globalness" of Taiwan users' Internet behavior, and the factors contributing to these patterns of use. In Taiwan, the Internet as a medium may indeed be "global," yet the user continues to live within the "local," the "place" one relates to, where his/her needs and desires are generated, and where one feels a sense of belonging. One may briefly venture out of this locality to accomplish a task, fulfill a goal, or simply satisfy his/her curiosity; however, as pointed out by Wang and Servaes (2000), the importance, significance, and relevance of the global are not as great as that of the local.

• Liu, G.Z. (1999). Virtual community presence in Internet Relay Chatting. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 5 (1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol5/issue1/liu.html

Abstract: This article presents a method based on Jones' "virtual settlement" theory" for testing empirically for the presence of virtual community in Internet Relay Chatting (IRC), The conditions for virtual community proposed by Jones are related to the technological context of IRC and formulated as conceptual hypotheses. The author argues that sustained level of co-appearance and nickname stability should be included in testing. Interactivity analysis should include both verbal exchanges and action-simulating messages. Analysis of message references should be done in terms of message content as well as message syntax. Major issues related to research design and implementation are discussed in depth.

• Lohse, G. L., & Spiller, P. (1999). Internet retail store design: How the user interface influences traffic andsales. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 5 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol5/issue2/lohse.htm

Abstract: Given the resources needed to launch a retail store on the Internet or change an existing online storefront design, it is important to allocate product development resources to interface features that actually improve store traffic and sales. We identified features that impact store traffic and sales using regression models of 1996 store traffic and dollar sales as dependent variables and interface design features such as number of links into the store, hours of promotional ads, number of products, and store navigation features as the independent variables. Product list navigation features that reduce the time to purchase products online account for 61% of the variance in monthly sales. Other factors explaining the variance in monthly sales include: number of hyperlinks into the store (10%), hours of promotion (4%) and customer service feedback (1%). These findings demonstrate that the user interface is an essential link between the customer and the retail store in Web-based shopping environments.

• Lombard, M., & Ditton, T. (1997). At the heart of it all: The concept of presence. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line],3 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue2/lombard.html

Abstract: A number of emerging technologies including virtual reality, simulation rides, video conferencing, home theater, and high definition television are designed to provide media users with an illusion that a mediated experience is not mediated, a perception defined here as presence. Traditional media such as the telephone, radio, television, film, and many others offer a lesser degree of presence as well. This article examines the key concept of presence. It begins by noting practical and theoretical reasons for studying this concept. Six conceptualizations of presence found in a diverse set of literatures are identified and a detailed explication of the concept that incorporates these conceptualizations is presented. Existing research and speculation about the factors that encourage or discourage a sense of presence in media users as well as the physiological and psychological effects of presence are then outlined. Finally, suggestions concerning future systematic research about presence are presented.

• Lozar Manfreda, K., Batagelj, Z., & Vehovar, V. (2002). Design of Web survey questionnaires: Three basic experiments. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 7(3). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol7/issue3/vehovar.html

Abstract: Despite increased use of Web surveys, relatively little is known about standards for designing Web questionnaires. Since there is no help from an interviewer for the respondent taking a Web survey, the design of self-administered Web questionnaires is even more important in order to achieve high data quality. Question wording, form and graphic layout of the questionnaire are particularly important. This paper presents some basic experiments to address these issues: one vs. multiple-page design, use of logotypes, and survey topic. The research was performed within the national RIS - Research on Internet in Slovenia - project http://www.ris.org in extensive testing since 1996.

• Mabry, E. (1997). Framing flames: The structure of argumentative messages on the net. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 2 (4). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol2/issue4/mabry.html

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the use, in computer-mediated communication, of the strategic message structuring tactic known as framing. Interlocutors in computer-mediated environments have software supported systemic resources facilitative of constructing messages using framing tactics in their argumentative discourse. It is hypothesized that framing strategies are related to the emotional tenor of a disputant's message and that a speaker's emotional involvement with an issue should be curvilinearly related to the appropriation of framing as an argumentative discourse strategy. Results from the analysis of 3000 messages, obtained from a diverse sampling of computer-mediated discussion groups and forums, provided support for the primary hypothesized relationship. A speaker's emotional involvement was significantly and curvilinearly related to two message framing devices (message dependency and coalition building) and a measure of conciliatory face-saving moves.

• MacKinnon, R. (1997). Virtual rape. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 2 (4). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol2/issue4/mackinnon.html

Abstract: The current social construction of rape in virtual reality is not a worthwhile endeavor in that it forces theorists to adapt an undesirable concept in order to import it into virtual reality. Rape exists as such in "real life" because of the social construction of women relative to the social construction of men. The relationship of these constructions is not and does not have to be analogous in virtual reality because virtual reality presents an opportunity for social reordering. Among these opportunities is the exploration of the ramifications of bodies presented arbitrarily. Given these opportunities, theorists seeking to pursue positive constructionism ought to endeavor to develop virtual-reality specific constructions which empower rather than import real life constructions which victimize.

• Maheu, M. M. (2001). Exposing the risk, yet moving forward: A behavioral e-health model. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 6 (4). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol6/issue4/maheu.html

Abstract: The Internet is proving to be an emerging and promising area of practice for psychotherapists. Known as behavioral e-health, service delivery through the Internet is still in its infancy, however. Guidance for structuring these interactions can be found in the traditional telehealth research literature, where it has been shown that upholding the traditions and requirements of professional practice can be possible while using telecommunication technologies. Therefore, this article offers a telehealth-based model for behavioral e-health service delivery.

• Maltz, T. (1996). Customary law & power in Internet communities. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 2 (1). Available:http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol2/issue1/custom.html
• Marschall, D. (2002). Ideological discourses in the making of Internet career sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 7 (4). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol7/issue4/marschall.html

Abstract: This paper examines the ideological discourses evident in related categories of commercial World Wide Web sites during the last year of the dot-com bubble (1995-2001). It analyzes two collections of employment-related Web pages: third-party Internet career sites (such as Monster.com) and the employee recruitment sections of corporate Web sites (such as General Electric). After reviewing the historical development of Internet use for job search purposes and the effect on labor market dynamics, I estimate the extent to which discourses of community permeate these sites by using methodologies that focus on the content of Web sites and the messages conveyed by advertisements. The conclusions highlight the importance of considering ideological constructions in grasping the meaning of "discursive domains" among commercial sites on the Web.

• Marvin, L.E. (1995). Spoof, spam, lurk and lag: The aesthetics of text-based virtual realities. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 1 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol1/issue2/marvin.html

Abstract: This paper explores communication in six text-based virtual realities through four items of jargon: spoof, spam, lurk, and lag. Research was conducted using the ethnographic tools of participant observation and close analysis of actual interactions of MOOs (Multiple-user Object Oriented environments). Examples of how these terms are used in real-time interaction were analyzed for what they communicate about the aesthetics of interaction. Close examination suggests that these articulated aesthetics serve as rules for proper behavior, markers of experience and belonging, metaphor for poetic expression and resources for play and challenge within the community.

• Mashima, R., & Hirose, K. (1996). From "Dial-a-Porn" to "Cyberporn": Approaches to and limitations of regulation in the United States and Japan.Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 2 (2).Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol2/issue2/mashima.html

Abstract: While the Internet and the other on-line services have become powerful intellectual tools and forums of personal and group interaction, they have also turned out to be providers of pornography. Thus, protecting children from the latter aspect has become a great concern in many parts of the world In the U.S., the Senate recently passed the Exon Bill. The Bill aims at ensuring that the laws which already apply to obscene, indecent, and harassing use of telephones and mail should also apply to computer communications. On the other hand, in Japan, a similar problem regarding telephone use has been solved effectively by the private sector's voluntary self-control. NTT (a counterpart of ATT before its split) refuses to contract with telephone service providers intending to supply services of what might be considered obscene content. For NTT, which is a common carrier, (enjoying a monopoly in local telephone service) to refuse to contract with such information providers required administrative guidance (so-called gyoseishidoh) from the Ministry of Telecommunication. This typical Japanese approach involving gyoseishidoh is effective. It, however, lacks a democratic decision-making process or a judicial procedure to solve disputes concerning this system of self-control. This article examines the difference between American and Japanese approaches towards controlling obscenity online: legalism vs. substantialism (voluntary self-control). Then, it explores what might be a suitable (or acceptable) way to exert control over computer mediated communications, taking into consideration its new democratic value, the importance of the right to freedom of speech, and the (legal) culture of each nation.

• Mateas, M., & Lewis, S. (1996). A MOO-based virtual training environment. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 2 (3). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol2/issue3/mateas.html

Abstract: We have implemented a virtual environment to support the training of engineers in Panels of Experts (POE), a vehicle for gathering customer data. The environment, which is implemented using multi-user domain (MUD) technology, simulates a hotel conference facility, the context in which POEs generally take place. Within the environment, simulated customer data gathering activities support training through practice. We describe the environment, discuss some issues of communication and interaction raised by the technology, and relay the experiences of new users within this environment.

• Mazur, J.M. (2000). Applying insights from film theory and cinematic technique to create a sense of community and participation in a distributed video environment. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 5 (4). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol5/issue4/mazur.htm

Abstract: New tools for mediating interaction require fresh theoretical perspectives that can assist in creating constructive climates for communication and learning. In the past decade distributed video systems have proliferated as tools for instruction and communication. These systems promise increased personal interaction by approximating natural communication through visual contact and verbal exchange. However, research on the use of these tools has consistently pointed out the dissatisfaction of users and the limitations placed on meaningful, engaged communication (Debough, 1999; Simonson et al., 2000). The problem centers on fostering co-presence and engagement among those who use interactive, video-based systems for distance education or work-related activities. The purpose of this paper is to enrich the conversation regarding how to address these issues of communication and engagement. I argue that because most distance education or electronic meeting systems employ variations of two-way compressed or digital video, they are essentially filmic media, and as such users of these distributed visual environments can capitalize on insights from the rich theoretic base of film theory and cinematic technique to engage meaningful interaction and support responsive communication. An illustrative case study in which these techniques are used is presented.

• McChesney, R.W. (1996). The Internet and U.S. communication policy-making in historical and critical perspective. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 1 (4). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol1/issue4/mcchesney.html
• McLaughlin, M.L. (1996). The art site on the World Wide Web. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 1 (4). Available:http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol1/issue4/mclaugh.html
• McMillan, S. J. (2001). Survival of the fittest online: A longitudinal study of health-related Web sites Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 6 (3). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol6/issue3/mcmillan.html

Abstract: Longitudinal studies of Web sites can not only trace the history of specific sites but can also provide some guidelines that might help start-up Web sites improve their chances for survival in the ever-changing Web landscape. This article reports on a longitudinal study of health-related Web sites that found about 73% of those sites survived for three years. E-mail surveys gathered quantitative and qualitative insights from survivors and non-survivors. Generally, organizations that invested more resources (money, people, and time) in their Web sites in 1997 were more likely to have surviving sites three years later. Technological expertise, as measured by the level of feature-richness at sites, had relatively little impact on survival. Sites created by individuals were least likely to survive while education and government sites were most likely to survive. Respondents indicated that organizational commitment to Web-based communication was an important factor in long-term survival of sites. Sites with more visitors in 1997 were more likely to survive than those with fewer visitors, but many respondents pointed out the importance of targeting rather than sheer numbers in measuring the Web site audience.

• McMillan, S.J. (1998). Who pays for content? Funding in interactive media. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 4 (1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol4/issue1/mcmillan.html

Abstract: This study presents four models of funding for content in computer-mediated communication (CMC). These models emerge from analysis of 395 sites on the World Wide Web (Web). Key factors underlying the models are interactivity, ideologies related to intellectual property, and audience size. Relationships between these factors and funding of sites were tested by examining data collected through both content analysis of Web sites and surveys of individuals who manage the creation of content at those sites.

The data reported in this study indicate that multiple funding models can co-exist in the current CMC environment. These include content that supports organizational objectives in Sales and Promotion sites, pre-packed information and entertainment in Sponsored Content sites, a wealth of information in Public Information sites, and content provided by individuals and non-profit groups in Community Content sites.

However, the future infrastructure of CMC may play a major role in the funding of content. If systems of the future significantly increase the cost of developing and/or receiving content, the diversity of CMC could be lost. Public Information and Community Content sites may become too costly to maintain and commercial voices may gain dominance in Sales and Promotion and Sponsored Content sites. Thus, responsible public decisions should be made in the public sphere about how future CMC infrastructures are to be financed.

• Meis, T. M, Gaie, M. J., Pingree, S., Boberg, E. W., Patten, C. A., Offord, K. P., Berry, K. L., & Gustafson, D. H. (2002). Development of a tailored, Internet-based smoking cessation intervention for adolescents. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 7(3). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol7/issue3/meis.html

Abstract: Computer-assisted interventions represent an innovative approach to adolescent smoking cessation that may offer advantages over traditional smoking interventions in their potential to provide adolescents with a variety of appropriate cessation-related activities, as well as interactive feedback tailored to their developmental, psychosocial, behavioral, and biological needs. As part of a larger project to evaluate the effectiveness of an Internet-based approach to smoking cessation among adolescents, this paper will describe the intervention development process. Stomp Out Smokes (S.O.S.), an Internet-based information and support system, was created to address the specific needs and experiences of adolescents who want to quit smoking. The development of S.O.S. involved an iterative process with five distinct yet often overlapping phases: Phase 1: review of the adolescent development, smoking cessation, and health literature; Phase 2: development and implementation of a needs assessment; Phase 3: construction of a site development strategy; Phase 4: development, review, and revision of content; and Phase 5: development of the website architecture and graphic design.

• Mendoza H., M. R., & de Toledo, J. A. A. (1997). Demographics and behavior of the Chilean Internet population. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 3 (1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue1/mendoza.html

Abstract: This paper presents the results of a study of Internet users in the city of Santiago. A random sample of 1145 households representing three strata of population was selected. The results show that the typical Internet user is young, male, highly educated, with a high income level, connecting to the Internet from the place of work or study, spending most of the time on-line browsing through the World Wide Web. As far as the use of the Net for commercial transactions is concerned, only 10% of users have bought something on-line. It appears from the study that, for the time being, the Internet is more useful as a communication medium for building relationships and generating leads than it is to buy or sell products.

• Mitra, A. (1999). Characteristics of the WWW text: Tracing discursive strategies. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 5 (1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol5/issue1/mitra.html

Abstract: This paper considers the uniqueness of the texts and discourses produced by a specific group of World Wide Web (WWW) users. These characteristics include the intertextuality of the WWW text and the resulting formation of textual domains where no particular text can claim centrality. This decentering is reported as the result of a process of reciprocal intertextuality. These unique characteristics of the WWW text eventually produce an image of the group of people who write and read the text. The specific characteristics of the Web discourse suggests alternative ways of thinking of cyber-communities around the specific discursive strategies used by the authors.

• Mitra, A., Hazen, M.D., LaFrance, B., & Rogan, R.G. (1999). Using e-mail to survey Internet users in the United States: Methodology and assessment.Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 4 (3). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol4/issue3/mitra.html

Abstract: This paper raises four research questions about the relationships between expectations about the faculty use of e-mail and the level of e-mail usage among faculty. The study uses a survey design to test expectations about technology on several attitude measures. We report that positive expectations about the functionality of technology are related to higher incidence of e-mail use. Furthermore, the results suggest higher existing levels of computer use in general, and that positive anticipation of future use is also related to higher levels of e-mail use in particular. These findings are then used to develop profiles of users and non-users. The results indicate that younger faculty with greater exposure to computers tend to be more frequent users of e-mail than older faculty whose customary communication styles do not include the use of e-mail. Finally it is suggested that expectations about the "promise of technology" are related to the actual use of technology.

• Mitra, A., & Schwartz, R. L. (2001). From cyber space to cybernetic space: Rethinking the relationship between real and virtual spaces. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 7 (1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol7/issue1/mitra.html

Abstract: The interaction between real and virtual spaces can be reconceptualized by mobilizing the notion of cybernetic space to signify the relationship between spaces, culture and identity in the synthetic space we tend to live in. The new metaphor can allow for a holistic examination of the Internet in popular culture.

• Mnookin, J. L. (1996). Virtual(ly) law: The emergence of law in LambdaMOO. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 2 (1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol2/issue1/lambda.html
• Montgomery, L. (2002). NGOs and the Internet in Nepal. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 7 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol7/issue2/montgomery.html

Abstract: The number of registered NGOs in Nepal has skyrocketed in the last ten years, growing in number from 220 in 1990 to somewhere between 10,000 and 15,000 today. At the same time, the Internet and the use of e-mail has increased rapidly. The Electronic Networking Project, funded by the International Development Research Centre and implemented by the International Center for Integrated Mountain Development, was key in joining these two sectors. This article outlines the growth of both sectors, and analyzes how NGOs view the Internet and how they are using it. There is an overwhelmingly positive attitude towards these technologies among NGOs and a view that they are primarily useful in allowing individuals and organizations to access a great deal of information easily for the first time, and also for maintaining contacts and creating networks internationally. Issues for NGOs regarding the Internet include the cost of telephone calls and integration of the use of the Internet and the development and maintenance of Websites into other office routines. Finally, a common perspective about knowledge sharing in Nepal is explored as it relates to the use of the Internet and the structure of Websites in Nepal.

• Morris, M., & Ogan, C. (1996). The Internet as mass medium. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 1 (4). Available:http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol1/issue4/morris.html
• Nelson, E-L., Cook, D., Shaw, P., Peacock, G., & Doolittle, G. (2001). Evolving pediatrician perceptions of a telemedicine program Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 6 (4). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol6/issue4/nelson.html

Abstract: This study addresses pediatrician perceptions of a telemedicine program as it developed from 1998 to 2000. The researchers completed structured interviews with ten pediatricians who provided telemedicine services between a university medical center and an urban school district. The results describe how pediatricians understood the telemedicine program, including technology, consult process, and relationships. This understanding of how pediatricians "make sense" of telemedicine allows optimal planning for the program's future and may inform other telemedicine initiatives about challenges in the pediatric setting.

• Murphy, J., & Hofacker, C. F. (2004). A methodology and investigation of an eloyalty metric, consumer bookmarking behavior. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 10(1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol10/issue1/murphy_hofacker.html

Abstract: This paper presents a simple and novel method to investigate an important indicator of a website’s appeal as well as the relationship between a firm and its online consumers – namely, bookmarking behavior. Analyzing data from two inter-related hospitality industry websites and a genealogy site demonstrated the applicability, validity and future research directions for this eLoyalty metric. Similar to past studies of interest in a site, bookmarking a site becomes increasingly likely as a visitor views more pages on the site. Bookmarking was more likely during non-work hours, suggesting non-work related browsing on these sites. Finally, those visitors using the latest browser version were slightly more likely to engage in bookmarking.

• Neuberger, C., Tonnemacher, J., Biebl, M., & Duck, A. (1998). Online--The future of newspapers? Germany's dailies on the World Wide Web. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 4 (1). Available:http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol4/issue1/neuberger.html

Abstract: The research project "Online -- the future of newspapers?" examined the producers, their products and the users of German online newspapers. The study on online editorial boards was carried out in the form of a standardized mail survey of all 81 daily newspapers with a WWW presence in May 1997 (return quote: 78%). A questionnaire for the users was placed in the Web, where it could be accessed via links to the homepage of 27 online papers (2524 respondents). In addition five individual websites of newspapers were examined (semi-structured oral interviews with the heads of the editorial boards, content analysis). Almost half of the staff in online editorial boards have journalistic duties. Technical duties are of growing importance. The majority of online editorial boards surveyed depend on the editorial decisions of the print editors. The news sections in online papers consist mainly of duplicates of the printed "parent" paper. Articles for the online version are rarely edited. Very few external links and no graphic or sound effects were added. About two-thirds of users would have chosen the print newspaper and just under a third would have preferred the online version if only one of the versions had been available. The case studies show that online publishers and users base their activities and/or expectations on the print newspaper and use or design their product accordingly.

• Newhagen, J.E., & Rafaeli, S. (1996). Why communication researchers should study the Internet: A dialogue. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication[On-line], 1 (4). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol1/issue4/rafaeli.html
• Nishimura, Y. (2004). Linguistic innovations and interactional features of casual online communication in Japanese. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 9 (1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol9/issue2/nishimura.html

Abstract: This study explores the linguistic and interactional properties of informal asynchronous computer-mediated communication (CMC) in Japanese. Using Bulletin Board Systems (BBS) messages as the primary source of data, the study identifies innovative uses of kanji, other scripts and punctuation, and examines the incorporation of such informal spoken features as final particles. Young Japanese BBS users are found to employ colloquial language online as if conversing offline, and interact appropriately with their fellow participants in their Internet community.

• Nocera, J. L. A. (2002). Ethnography and hermeneutics in cybercultural research: Accessing IRC virtual communities. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 7 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol7/issue2/nocera.html

Abstract: This article suggests a qualitative methodological framework and a holistic-historicistic epistemological perspective that balances the sociopsychological and cultural dimensions of IRC Virtual Communities. CMC cultural research should not be focused on intercultural collision phenomena alone, but also on cultural construction from inside the Net. An ethnographic strategy discovering cybercultures together with Gadamer's hermeneutics for the interpretation of systems of meanings are the proposed tools for understanding "virtual" life and cultural production within the Net.

• Nouwens, J., & Bouwman, H. (1995). Living apart together in electronic commerce: The use of information and communication technology to create network organizations. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 1 (3). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol1/issue3/nouwens.html

Abstract: The use of networked information technologies by both consumers and organizations has received considerable attention in recent research. In this paper, attention is focused on the impact such use will have on the development and maintenance of interorganizational coordination. The question is framed in two ways. First, the benefits of such coordination are presented in a theoretical framework. This framework uses the concept of "network" to describe both organizations and telecommunications and to show their interrelatedness. It is argued that the traditional dichotomy between electronic markets and hierarchies will be nuanced by a third option: the development of network-organizations. Secondly, it is suggested that the way telecommunications networks and services are implemented will have significant impact on the way these networks are used. Evidence from case studies of four Dutch industries, retail prerecorded music, construction, agriculture and hotel services, is examined to elaborate on this conclusion.

• Nowak, K. L. (2004). The influence of anthropomorphism and agency on social judgment in virtual environments. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 9 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol9/issue2/nowak.html

Abstract: This project examined how information provided in virtual worlds influences social judgment. It specifically tested the influence of anthropomorphism and agency on the level of uncertainty and social judgment, using a between-subjects experimental design. Anthropomorphism had three levels; a high anthropomorphic image, a low anthropomorphic image and no image. Agency had two levels; whether the participants were told they were interacting with a human (avatar condition) or a computer (agent condition). The results showed that the virtual image influenced social judgment. The less anthropomorphic image was perceived to be more credible and likeable than no image, which was more credible and likeable than the anthropomorphic image. There were no discernable differences in social judgment between participants who were told they were interacting with a human as compared to those told they were interacting with a computer agent, consistent with findings from previous reports. Neither anthropomorphism nor agency influenced reported levels of uncertainty. Implications of these results for those designing and using virtual environments are discussed.

• Oberding, J.M., & Norderhaug, T. (1996). A separate jurisdiction for cyberspace?. Journal of Computer Mediated-Communication [On-line], 2 (1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol2/issue1/juris.html
• Paccagnella, L. (1997). Getting the seat of your pants dirty: Strategies for ethnographic research on virtual communities. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 3 (1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue1/paccagnella.html

Abstract: The study of social worlds built by people on computer networks challenges the classical dimensions of sociological research. CMC scholars are prompted to exploit the possibilities offered by new, powerful, and flexible analytic tools for inexpensively collecting, organizing, and exploring digital data. Such tools could be used within a Weberian perspective, to aid in systematic examination of logs and messages taken from the actual life of a virtual community. A proposal can then be made for a longitudinal strategy of research which systematically compares specific aspects of virtual communities over different periods of time and different socio-geographical contexts. The article summarizes a case study on an Italian computer conference, and concludes with a short outline of the new graphical CMC environments and their consequences for the rise of a multimedia cyber-anthropology.

• Palfreyman, D., & al Khalil, M. (2004). "A Funky Language for Teenzz to Use": Representing Gulf Arabic in Instant Messaging. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 9 (1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol9/issue2/palfreyman.html

Abstract: Computer-mediated communication (CMC) users writing in Arabic often represent Arabic in 'ASCII-ized' form, using the Latin alphabet rather than the Arabic alphabet normally used in other contexts (Warschauer, El Said, & Zohry, 2002). Analyzing ASCII-ized Arabic (AA) can give insights into ways in which CMC is shaped by linguistic, technological and social factors. This paper presents a study of AA as used among female university students in the United Arab Emirates, drawing on data from a small corpus of instant messenger (IM) conversations, and from an e-mail survey of users' experience with this form of writing. The AA in the conversations was found to show influences from computer character sets, from different varieties of spoken Arabic, from Arabic script, from English orthography and from other latinized forms of Arabic used in contexts which pre-date CMC. Users have developed creative (but variable) solutions to the constraints involved, but the purposes of AA use also extend for social reasons to situations where technical constraints do not apply.

• Palmer, J.W., Bailey, J.P., & Faraj, S. (2000). The role of intermediaries in the development of trust on the WWW:The use and prominence of trusted third parties and privacy statements. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 5 (3). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol5/issue3/palmer.html

Abstract: Developing trust between suppliers and consumers is critical for the continued growth of Internet commerce. This article presents an empirical investigation into how firms promote trust by exploring the use and prominence of Trusted Third Parties (TTPs) and privacy statements. The Web sites of 102 publicly held firms with predominantly Internet based businesses were examined for their use of TTPs and privacy statements, the number of links, currency of the Web site, length of time the Web site had been operating, traffic, and financial performance. Surprisingly, only 17 of the firms utilized trusted third parties and only 45 had privacy statements. The article presents a methodology for the analysis of four propositions that explore the relationship of embeddedness and a firm's length of time online to the use and prominence of TTPs and privacy statements. The exploratory data in this article clearly supports the proposition that the use of TTPs and privacy statements increase with the embeddedness of the Web site. This article then discusses the potential reasons for this finding including how TTPs strategically solicit firms and why trusted firms may be more likely to be embedded. The remaining three propositions show mixed results but provide insight into the strategic use of TTPs and privacy statements. One key insight is that TTPs and privacy statements are actually used quite differently by firms to promote trust in Internet commerce.

• Panyametheekul, S., & Herring, S. C. (2004). Gender and turn allocation in a Thai chat room.
Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 9 (1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol9/issue1/panya_herring.html

Abstract: This paper analyzes gender in relation to turn allocation in a popular Thai chat room on the World Wide Web. We analyze turn-taking and response patterns in light of Sacks, Schegloff and Jefferson's (1974) model of turn allocation in face-to-face conversation, taking into consideration the independent variable of participant gender. We also analyze use of, and responses to, flirtation in the chat room. Our results show that females participate more often and receive a higher rate of response from both females and males. Males, who are in the minority, must work harder to take the floor, even in their attempted flirtatious interactions. These results suggest that gender interacts with culture online in complex ways: Contrary to previous findings on gender in chat rooms, and contrary to culturally-based expectations about the subordinate status of Thai women, females appear to be relatively empowered in the Thai chat room studied here, as assessed through turn allocation patterns.

• Paolillo, J. (1999). The virtual speech community:  Social network and language variation on IRC. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 4 (4). Availablehttp://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol4/issue4/paolillo.html

Abstract: Many scholars anticipate that online interaction will have a long-term effect on the evolution of language, but little linguistic research yet addresses this question directly. In sociolinguistics, social network relations are recognized as the principal vehicle of language change. In this paper, I develop a social network approach to online language variation and change through qualitative and quantitative analysis of logfiles of Internet Relay Chat interaction. The analysis reveals a highly structured relationship between participants' social positions on a channel and the linguistic variants they use. The emerging sociolinguistic relationship is more complex than what is predicted by current sociolinguistic theory for offline interaction, suggesting that sociolinguistic investigation of online interaction, where more detailed and fine-grained information about social contacts can be obtained, may offer unique contributions to the study of language variation and change.

• Park, H. W., & Thelwall, M. (2003). Hyperlink analyses of the World Wide Web: A review. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 8(4). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol8/issue4/park.html

Abstract: We have recently witnessed the growth of hyperlink studies in the field of Internet research. Although investigations have been conducted across many disciplines and topics, their approaches can be largely divided into hyperlink network analysis (HNA) and Webometrics. This article is an extensive review of the two analytical methods, and a reflection on their application. HNA casts hyperlinks between Web sites (or Web pages) as social and communicational ties, applying standard techniques from Social Networks Analysis to this new data source. Webometrics has tended to apply much simpler techniques combined with a more in-depth investigation into the validity of hypotheses about possible interpretations of the results. We conclude that hyperlinks are a highly promising but problematic new source of data that can be mined for previously hidden patterns of information, although much care must be taken in the collection of raw data and in the interpretation of the results. In particular, link creation is an unregulated phenomenon and so it would not be sensible to assume that the meaning of hyperlinks in any given context is evident, without a systematic study of the context of link creation, and of the relationship between link counts, among other measurements. Social Networks Analysis tools and techniques form an excellent resource for hyperlink analysis, but should only be used in conjunction with improved techniques for data collection, validation and interpretation.

• Park, S.-Y., & Yun, G. W. (2004). The impact of Internet-based communication systems on supply chain management: An application of transaction cost analysis. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 10(1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol10/issue1/park_yun.html

Abstract: New communication technology brought high expectations and a great deal of frustration into the business world. Business managers were thrilled by promises of efficiency, effectiveness and innovation that would overcome barriers in time and geography. At the same time, however, many early adopters of electronic market systems experienced bitter failures. By using transaction cost analysis, this paper closely examines the effect of new communication technology on supply chain management. In particular, it looks at three major sources of transaction costs: transaction asset specificity, behavioral uncertainty and environmental uncertainty. Consequently, we propose that transaction asset specificity is the major factor to be considered in the adoption of new communication technology to supply chain management.

• Parks, M.R., & Floyd, K. (1996). Making friends in cyberspace. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 1 (4). Available:http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol1/issue4/parks.html
• Patrick, A.S. (1999). The human factors of MBone videoconferences: Recommendations for improving sessions and software. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 4 (3). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol4/issue3/patrick.html

Abstract: The "MBone" is the portion of the Internet that has implemented a new computer network technology called "multicasting". Multicasting supports efficient distribution of network traffic to multiple users simultaneously. Videoconferencing is the most common MBone application in use today and this paper reviews the human factors issues related to MBone videoconferencing. Three parameters of human factors concerns are defined: the task of the session (meeting, education, entertainment), the media used during the session (video, audio, shared workspace), and the communication modes involved (interactive vs. non-interactive and formal vs. informal). Videoconference sessions and software can be placed in this parameter space and this can provide valuable information about the technical and human requirements. The human factors research literature relevant to each of these parameters is reviewed and the current MBone tools are analyzed. Specific recommendations are made for MBone session organizers and software developers. These recommendations are not all specific to multicasting and will be of interest to people developing or using any videoconference system.

• Perrone, C., Repenning, A., Spencer, S., & Ambach, J. (1996). Computers in the classroom: Moving from tool to medium. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 2(3). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol2/issue3/perrone.html

Abstract: Currently the use of the computer is limited by the perception of it as a platform with advanced software tools to solve specific problems such as balancing a budget or computing grade point averages. While this is not a bad use of computers it does not fully employ their potential. By expanding our view of computer as tool to computer as medium that facilitates communication and sharing, we can fundamentally change the way we think and learn. This paper discusses the computer as a communication medium to support learning. Specifically, the paper illustrates the benefits of this reconceptualization in the context of having students author and play interactive simulations games and exchange them over the Internet.

• Picot, A., Bortenlanger, C., & Rohrl, H. (1995). The automation of capital markets. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 1 (3). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol1/issue3/picot.html

Abstract: The aim of the research project EMIWA (elektronische Märkte und institutioneller Wandel) is to achieve a better understanding of technology- induced changes of markets. For this purpose, the capital market and its exchanges are studied as one of the most prominent installations of electronic markets. A remarkable gap between the postulated rationalization potential of computer exchanges on the one hand and the existing technological support on the other can be observed. Reasons for this installation gap are supplied and conclusions are drawn for a more differentiated discussion of the impact of information technology on the market as a coordination mechanism.

• Piecowye, J. (2003). Habitus in transition? CMC use and impacts among young women in the United Arab Emirates. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 8 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol8/issue2/essandsudweeks.html

Abstract: This paper considers the impact of computer-mediated communication on the culture of the United Arab Emirates via the results of a brief study. The larger question being asked is if the very culture of the nation might be recast through the use of computer-mediated communication. While my survey was limited and thus the results preliminary, they contradict the view that CMC technologies will inevitably reshape "target" cultures as these technologies impose especially Western cultural values and communication preferences. Rather, my analysis suggests that UAE women students are more directly affected by consumerism as a culture dominating the Internet. More broadly, my students stand as examples of users who can consciously chose what elements of global cultures they wish to appropriate while they simultaneously insist on preserving their own cultural values and practices.

• Porter, C. (2004). A typology of virtual communities: A multi-disciplinary foundation for future research. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 10(1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol10/issue1/porter.html

Abstract: Despite the growing popularity of virtual communities, there is no consensus among researchers regarding the appropriate definition or types of virtual communities. In this paper, a virtual community is defined as an aggregation of individuals or business partners who interact around a shared interest, where the interaction is at least partially supported and/or mediated by technology and guided by some protocols or norms. The central objective of developing this typology was to develop a classification system that would be useful to researchers from various disciplinary perspectives such that the classification system might be used as a foundation for theory construction. The proposed typology serves its intended purposes and is evaluated against criteria put forth by Hunt (1991). The proposed typology uses establishment type and relationship orientation as the key categorization variables, reconciling problems posed by other researchers who attempt to use attributes as categorization variables. It is simple, pragmatic for practitioners and useful for researchers seeking to develop an understanding of the virtual community phenomenon.

• Rafaeli, S., McLaughlin, M., & Sudweeks, F. (1997). Editors' introduction to Network and Netplay. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 2 (4). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol2/issue4/editorsintro.html
• Rafaeli, S., & Sudweeks, F. (997). Networked interactivity. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 2 (4). Available:http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol2/issue4/rafaeli.sudweeks.html

Abstract: What makes computer-mediated groups tick and/or stick? To what degree are computer-mediated discussants really sustained "groups"? Does the grouping quality reflect anything beyond technical structure? Are technical structure and grouping related? How do threads define groups, or vice-versa? Does any of this change between academic and commercial networks?

We propose that one useful perspective for studying group computer-mediated communication (CMC) is interactivity. Interactivity is a theoretical construct that grapples with the origins of captivation, fascination, and allure that can be inherent in computer-mediated groups. In the coded data from the sample of messages collected by ProjectH, we have a representative snapshot of communication among the very large groups populating the networks. The central unit of interest in studying computer mediated groups is, in this case, the thread of messages. A message thread is a chain of interrelated messages. Rather than individuals' self-report, linguistic and sociolinguistic analyses of content, or observational data of larger units, we examine interactivity, the dependency among messages in threads. Results indicate that the content on the net is less confrontational than is popularly believed: conversations are more helpful and social than competitive. Interactive messages seem to be more humorous, contain more self-disclosure, display a higher preference for agreement and contain many more first-person plural pronouns. This indicates that interactivity plays a role in the social dynamics of group CMC, and sheds a light on comparing interactive messages with conversation. The focus, we propose, should be on the glue: that which keeps message threads and their authors together, and what makes the groups and their interaction tick.

• Randle, Q. (2003). Gratification niches of monthly print magazines and the World Wide Web among a group of special-interest magazine subscribers. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 8(4). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol8/issue4/randle.html

Abstract: Through the framework of niche theory, this study compared the gratification niches of monthly print magazines and the World Wide Web through a survey administered to 371 subscribers of a special-interest magazine. The findings suggest that the Web offers a wider array of gratifications than magazines, and delivers them in a superior fashion. The Web excels among cognitive, task-oriented uses; while magazines hold their ground for more affective, self-oriented uses.

• Ridings, C. M., & Gefen, D. (2004). Virtual community attraction: Why people hang out online. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 10(1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol10/issue1/ridings_gefen.html

Abstract: Understanding the attraction of virtual communities is crucial to organizations that want to tap into their enormous information potential. Existing literature theorizes that people join virtual communities to exchange information and/or social support. Theories of broader Internet use have indicated both entertainment and searching for friendship as motivational forces. This exploratory study empirically examines the importance of these reasons in assessing why people come to virtual communities by directly asking virtual community members why they joined. The responses to the open-ended question “Why did you join?” were categorized based upon the reasons suggested in the literature. Across 27 communities in 5 different broad types, 569 different reasons from 399 people indicated that most sought either friendship or exchange of information, and a markedly lower percent sought social support or recreation. The reasons were significantly dependent on the grouping of the communities into types. In all the community types information exchange was the most popular reason for joining. Thereafter, however, the reason varied depending on community type. Social support was the second most popular reason for members in communities with health/wellness and professional/occupational topics, but friendship was the second most popular reason among members in communities dealing with personal interests/hobbies, pets, or recreation. These findings suggest that virtual community managers should emphasize not only the content but also encourage the friendship and social support aspects as well if they wish to increase the success of their virtual community.

• Riley, P., Keough, C.M., Christiansen, T., Meilich, O., & Pierson,J. (1998). Community or colony: The case of online newspapers and the web. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 4 (1).Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol4/issue1/keough.html

Abstract: Although the development of relationships on the Net may be seen as "community," the increasing global presence from commercial media such as online newspapers suggest that another metaphor may be jousting for preeminence -- colonization. Findings from an on-going case study of online newspapers suggest the early ideals of democratic community-building in cyberspace are encountering resistance as newspaper organizations delineate "virtual geographic space" and stake out "territory" on the web by subtly discouraging access to other sites (i.e., a type of virtual "homesteading"). Additionally, changes in the production practices of print journalists due to the emergence of electronic newspapers are discussed.

• Rintel, E. S., Mulholland, J., & Pittam, J. (2001). First things first: Internet Relay Chat openings. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 6 (3). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol6/issue3/rintel.html

Abstract: Internet Relay Chat (IRC) was the Internet's first widely popular quasi-synchronous computer-mediated communication (CMC) system. While research has consistently demonstrated the interpersonal nature of IRC, and is now turning to more structurally-oriented topics, it is argued that IRC research now needs to systematically address links between interaction structures, technological mediation and the instantiation and development of interpersonal relationships within a framework that privileges IRC interaction and social explanations. This exploration of the openings of IRC interactions is positioned as a step in that direction. The openings investigated in the study are those that occur directly following user's entries into public IRC channels, termed the newly-joined users' Channel Entry Phase (CEP). It is found that turn coordination in the CEP is often ambiguous, has the potential to disrupt relationship development, and leads to considerable emphasis on interactive strategies for the clear ordering of opening phases.

• Robertson, J., & Oberlander, J. (2002). Ghostwriter: Educational drama and presence in a virtual environment.
Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 8 (1). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol8/issue1/robertson/robertson.html

Abstract: Improvisational dramatic role-play activities are used in classrooms to encourage children to explore the feelings of the characters in a story. Role-play exercises can give a story personal significance to each child, and an insight and understanding of the characters and the relationships between them. It can also help the development of moral reasoning by presenting moral dilemmas in concrete situations. This paper presents a desktop virtual environment, Ghostwriter, designed for similar dramatic role-play exercises. We describe the virtual environment and the characters within it and outline relevant previous work in this area. An important concept in the evaluation of the system is presence: the extent to which the role-player experiences social presence in the environment will influence the success of the drama. We present results of an empirical evaluation of the virtual role-play activity with eleven year old school pupils which demonstrate that the pupils experienced social presence during their interactions with the Ghostwriter characters. These results, transcript analysis and interviews, indicate the Ghostwriter is a useful tool for educational drama.

• Robinson, W. (1997). Heaven's Gate: The end?. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 3 (3). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue3/robinson.html

Abstract: In San Diego on March 26, 1997, the bodies were found of 39 similarly dressed men and women who took their own lives in a mass suicide. Led by Marshall Applewhite, the Heaven's Gate cult believed that a flying saucer was traveling behind the Hale-Bopp comet. They chose to leave their physical bodies behind to find redemption in an extraterrestrial "Kingdom of Heaven." The sect also left behind apocalyptic messages in their Rancho Santa Fe mansion and on home pages on the World Wide Web. This paper looks at online material produced by the cult and the media coverage of their tragic end, it explores the background of the cult and the science fiction and millennial influences on their beliefs, and it considers the group's connection with cyberculture and some of the questions raised by their mass suicide, which perhaps, as David Potz said in Slate, "promises to be the first great Internet mystery" (March 28, 1997).

• Rodino, M. (1997). Breaking out of Binaries: Reconceptualizing gender andits relationship to language in computer-mediated communication. Journalof Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 3 (3). Available:http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue3/rodino.html

Abstract: Virtual environments provide a rich testing ground for theories of gender and language. This paper analyzes interactions in one virtual environment, Internet Relay Chat (IRC), to look at the extent to which research on face-to-face (FTF) talk and computer-mediated communication (CMC) can describe gender and its relationship to language. I find that neither the function of utterances nor the construction of gender adheres to dualistic descriptions, as past research has implied. Reconceptualizing gender as performative helps researchers break out of binary categories that have bound past research. Conceiving of gender as under constant construction also helps demystify and thus disrupt the binary gender system which naturalizes patriarchy.

• Rosen, D., Woelfel, J., Krikorian, D., & Barnett, G. A. (2003). Procedures for analyses of online communities. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 8(4). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol8/issue4/rosen.html

Abstract: This article details a set of procedures for the analysis and interpretation of the content and structure of online networks and communities. These novel methods allow for the analysis of online chat, including parsing the data into separate and interrelated files to determine individual, group and organizational patterns. An illustrative example of an educational online community in Active Worlds Educational Universe (AWEDU) is provided that uses three-dimensional virtual worlds for student interaction. Findings from semantic network analysis procedures reveal elements of the online interaction that would otherwise be difficult to extract given the great amount of textual data produced in such communities. The case study allows for qualitative and quantitative analyses. The limitations of the procedures are discussed along with planned developments and their social implications.

• Rosson, M. (1999). I get by with a little help from my cyber-friends: Sharing stories of good and bad times on the Web. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 4 (4). Available:http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol4/issue4/rosson.html

Abstract: Although the use of the World Wide Web has expanded tremendously in the past few years, we still know very little about how users are working with this new medium, what they attempt to accomplish, what works, what doesn't. One way to answer such questions is to simply ask users for descriptions of their own activities. This paper presents an analysis of 133 stories of Web use contributed by users over a period of 40 months, since the Web Storybase began operation in December 1994. Usage of the Storybase is examined in general, and the stories are analyzed along several dimensions. The stories convey usage experiences that not only involve global information retrieval and person-to-person contact, but also the development of both good and bad interpersonal relationships, as well as extensive reflection on how the Web is changing our lives.

• Sandbothe, M. (1998). Media temporalities in the Internet: Philosophy of time and media with Derrida and Rorty. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 4 (2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol4/issue2/sandbothe.html

Abstract: The essay comprises four sections. The first section provides a survey of some significant developments which today determine philosophical discussion on the subject of 'time'. The second section conisders the question of how time and the issue of media are linked with one another in the views of two influential contemporary philosophers - Jacques Derrida and Richard Rorty. Finally, in the third section, the temporal implications of cultural practices developing in the new medium of the Internet are analyzed and, in the fourth section, related to the named philosophers' theses.

• Sarkar, M.B., Butler, B. & Steinfield, C. (1995). Intermediaries and cybermediaries: A continuing role for mediating players in the electronic marketplace. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 1 (3). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol1/issue3/sarkar.html

Abstract: The advent of nearly ubiquitous information infrastructures has led many to predict that one effect of electronic markets will be the bypassing of intermediaries in electronic markets. The ability of electronic networks to reduce transaction costs is the theoretical cause of this supposed trend. We suggest that, on the contrary, not only is it likely that widely available information infrastructures will reinforce the position of traditional intermediaries, but that networks will also promote the growth of a new generation of intermediaries. These new players, which we term "Cybermediaries" are organizations that perform the mediating tasks in the world of electronic commerce. We illustrate that the case for the elimination of intermediaries in the move to create direct producer to consumer links is based on questionable assumptions. We then examine functions of intermediaries that are not easily absorbed by producers. We describe some of the new forms of cybermediaries, noting the new needs that electronic commerce imposes on producers and consumers. We note that usinga rational, economic logic rooted in transaction cost theory, it is equally plausible to conclude that more, rather than fewer intermediaries will be involved in electronic markets. Finally, we briefly highlight several social and institutional factors that also may mitigate against the elimination of intermediaries. This broader perspective of the role of intermediaries in the exchange process calls for incorporating consumer-centric and institutional perspectives into the discussion of the evolution of electronic market structures.

• Savicki, V., Lingenfelter, D., & Kelley, M. (1996). Gender language style in group composition in Internet discussion groups. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 2 (3). Available:http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol2/issue3/savicki.html

Abstract: This study focuses on group gender composition and the seeming relatedness between gender roles and group process functions described as task and maintenance, as found on the Internet. The sample was drawn from randomly selected set of 27 online discussion groups from both the Internet and from commercial information services (e.g. Compuserv) using the ProjectH dataset. The 2692 valid messages were coded for language content (fact, apology, first person flaming, status, etc.) that has been related to gender role in other research. Each message was also coded regarding the gender of its author. Results held with the conventional impression that men far outnumber women as participants in online discussion groups. However, results were mixed in regard to the relation of language patterns and group gender composition. Gender composition was related to patterns of computer mediated communication in this context. However, there were an unexpectedly high proportion of participants of indeterminate gender in this dataset, it is difficult to test the hypotheses with precision. However, the sample is comprised of "real-life" groups, so what is lost in experimental control is compensated for in generalization to other uncontrolled settings.

• Scharnhorst, A. (2003). Complex networks and the Web: Insights from nonlinear physics. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 8(4). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol8/issue4/scharnhorst.html

Abstract: The Internet and the Web can be described as huge networks of connected computers, connected Web pages or connected users. The formal structure of these networks is expected to represent patterns of communication and organization, and to influence the nature of communication in these networks. A number of approaches have been developed to study these phenomena. This paper reviews the emergence from theoretical physics of a new specialty in complexity theory which analyses the Internet and the Web as complex networks. Concepts and findings from this area of physics are reviewed and made accessible to a non-physics audience. In complexity theory, the concept of connectivity is expressed by mathematical laws, addressing the distribution of links over nodes, the emergence of hierarchies or the behavior of "inhabitants" of such networks. The paper begins with an introduction to the topological classification of complex networks as "small world networks" and "scale-free networks." It discusses how specific topologies or connectivity patterns are based on the construction and growth of such networks. Major findings about the Internet and the Web are discussed. The paper also explores the possibilities of linking statistical empirical analysis and mathematical modeling to qualitative research as a way of gaining insight into the emergence of complex networks.

• Schmitz, S.W. (2000). The effects of electronic commerce on the structure of intermediation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 5 (3). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol5/issue3/schmitz.html

Abstract: The paper questions the notion that the diffusion of electronic commerce will lead to disintermediation. Rather than interpreting intermediation as a single service it is pointed out that intermediaries can provide a number of services. The analysis based on the New Institutional Economics, Market Microstructure Theory, and Information Economics shows that the three intermediation services studied are, generally, not under threat by the diffusion of electronic commerce. The overall effects on intermediation depend on the relevance of these services relative to others (e.g., order processing), which are supposed to become obsolete.

• Schroeder, R., Heather, N., & Lee, R.M. (1998). The sacred and the virtual: Religion in multi-user virtual reality. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 4 (2). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol4/issue2/schroeder.html

Abstract: This paper explores the social interaction among participants in a church service in an online multi-user virtual reality (VR) environment. It examines some of the main features of prayer meetings in a religiously-oriented virtual world and also what sets this world apart from other virtual worlds. Next, it examines some of the issues of research ethics and methods that are raised in the study of online behavior in virtual worlds. The paper then analyzes the text exchanges between participants in a virtual church service and some of the ways in which these compare with the content of a conventional church service. Finally, the paper draws out some implications for our understanding of the relation between interaction in the virtual and in the "real" world.

• Schultz, T. (1999). Interactive options in online journalism: A content analysis of 100 U.S. newspapers. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 5 (1). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol5/issue1/schultz.html

Abstract: The article discusses the challenge of providing interactivity within journalism. It views interactivity as a variable of responsiveness in interpersonal and societal communication. The Internet has the potential to increase interactive attempts in journalism. However, media organizations do not necessarily exploit this opportunity effectively. An exploratory content analysis of 100 U.S. online newspapers reveals that many provide only token interactive options.

• Schweizer, K., Paechter, M., & Weidenmann, B. (2001). A field study on distance education and communication: Experiences of a virtual tutor. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 6 (2). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol6/issue2/schweizer.html

Abstract: In a field study on distance education and communication we varied the social presence of a tutor in four degrees: a tutor mediated by verbal, written information (condition 1), the same tutor mediated by written information and various personal views (condition 2), the same tutor mediated by written and spoken information (condition 3), and the same tutor mediated by text, views and spoken language (condition 4). Three hypotheses derived from cues-filtered-out (e.g. Short, Williams, & Christie, 1976; Spears & Lea, 1992) and adaptation theories (e.g. Clark & Brennan, 1996; Walther, 1992) were tested: (1) To experience the tutor with less social presence leads to extremely emotional evaluations as well as more task oriented, informal, and tense reactions compared to conditions in which the tutor can be experienced with greater social presence. (2) Adaptation to the medium takes place via the use of typographical sideways symbols. (3) Time is an important factor in adaptation: with passing time, differences between groups converge. We recorded data from 98 German male students who participated for 9 weeks in an off-campus online seminar on certain topics of General Psychology. Instruction took place via 6 virtual rooms (Web pages) on the Internet (library, virtual classroom etc.). The analyses of students's online activities and their communication style are based on a large amount of data: Altogether, students logged in 3608 times, read 1240 mails, and composed 160 mails. The communication style observed in the mails partly confirms hypotheses (1) and (2). We also noticed significant changes in the communication style with progressing time. The data of the investigated sample, however, could not fully support hypothesis (3). Here, further research seems to be necessary.

• Scott, J. (2000). Emerging patterns from the dynamic capabilities of Internet intermediaries. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 5 (3). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol5/issue3/scott.html

Abstract: The Internet has had a major impact on threats and opportunities available to intermediaries in many industries. Prior research using transaction cost theory shows four possible outcomes: Internet supplemented direct market, threatened intermediaries, cybermediaries and Internet supplemented intermediaries. This paper extends the "four outcomes" framework, by integrating it with research on dynamic capabilities. This new framework explains emerging patterns of response from threatened intermediaries in the personal computer industry. The specific scenario chosen by the threatened intermediary depends on its dynamic capability. Future research can use the integrated framework to predict Internet impacts on intermediaries in other industries.

• Sheehan, K. (2001). E-mail survey response rates: A review. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 6 (2). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol6/issue2/sheehan.html

Abstract Electronic mail (e-mail) has been used to distribute surveys and collect data from online users for almost fifteen years. However, some have suggested that the use of e-mail is becoming obsolete. This study analyzes response rates to e-mail surveys undertaken since 1986 and examines five influences to response rates: the year the study was undertaken, the number of questions in the survey, the number of pre-notification contacts, the number of follow-up contacts and survey topic salience. Response rates to e-mail surveys have significantly decreased since 1986. Correlation and regression analyses suggest that year that the survey was undertaken and number of follow-up contacts had the most influence on response rates. A discussion of other influences and future research into this area is provided.

• Sheehan, K.B., & Hoy, M.G. (1999). Using e-mail to survey Internet users in the United States: Methodology and assessment. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 4 (3). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol4/issue3/sheehan.html

Abstract: The Internet's potential for academic and applied research has recently begun to be acknowledged and assessed. To date, researchers have used Web page-based surveys to study large groups of on-line users and e-mail surveys to study smaller, more homogenous on-line user groups. A relatively untapped use for the Internet is to use e-mail to survey broader Internet populations on both a national and international basis. Our experience using e-mail to study a national sample of Internet users is presented, beginning with a discussion of how a sample of on-line users can be selected using a 'people finder' search engine. We include an evaluation of the demographic characteristics of the respondent pool compared to both a web page-based survey and a telephone survey of Internet users. Considerations for researchers who are evaluating this method for their own studies are provided.

• Sheffer, M. L. (2003). State legislators' perceptions of the use of e-mail in constituent communication. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 8(4). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol8/issue4/sheffer.html

Abstract: This study measured and compared the attitudes and perceptions of state legislators toward e-mail on the basis of age and gender. Results showed that although e-mail is thought to be an effective means of communicating politically by legislators, it is not being implemented as a political tool. A comparison based on gender revealed that more male legislators have an active political e-mail account (95%) than female legislators (71%). The survey also revealed a significant difference with respect to the age of legislators and the political use of e-mail.

• Shklovski, I., & Kraut, R. (2004). The Internet and social participation: Contrasting cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 10(1). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol10/issue1/shklovski_kraut.html

Abstract: The Internet opens new options for communication and may change the extent to which people use older communication media. Changes in the way people communicate are important, because communication is the mechanism people use to develop and maintain social relationships, so valuable for their physical and mental health. This paper uses data from a national panel survey conducted in 2000 and 2001 to examine the influence of Internet use on communication and on social involvement. In doing so, it contrasts the conclusions one can draw from cross-sectional and longitudinal data on these issues. Longitudinal analyses provide stronger evidence of the causal effects of using the Internet than do the cross-sectional ones. The longitudinal data show that heavy use of the Internet is associated with reductions in the likelihood of visiting family or friends on a randomly selected day. Cross-sectional analyses show high correlations between the frequency with which respondents communicate with specific family members by visits, phone calls and email, suggesting that communication in one medium stimulates the others. In contrast, longitudinal analyses suggest that the links between communication media are asymmetric: visits drive more email communication and phone calls drive more visits, but email drives neither phone calls nor visits.

• Singer, J.B. (1998). Online journalists: Foundations for research intotheir changing roles. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication[On-line], 4 (1). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol4/issue1/singer.html

Abstract: Interactive media have grabbed the attention of communication researchers in the latter half of the 1990s, but the focus to date has been primarily on media audiences and their use of these new forms. This paper suggests four approaches that may help provide theory-based underpinnings in a different area: the study of journalists and the ways in which their roles and jobs are changing. The approaches are gate-keeping theory; diffusion of innovation theory; sociological perspectives, particularly those involving the sociology of news work; and a somewhat eclectic perspective that explores the idea of journalism as a potential force of cohesion in an increasingly fragmented society.

• Smith, C. B. (1997). Casting the net: Surveying an Internet population. Journal of Computer Mediated-Communication [On-line], 3 (1).Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol3/issue1/smith.html

Abstract: At any given moment there are thousands of surveys and polls being conducted on the web, yet surprisingly little scholarly research is reported about this new technique. After a summary review of the comparative literature on e-mail and "snail mail" and a more extensive review of research involving web-based methods, this article contrasts e-mail and web-based survey techniques used in an ongoing study of the web presence provider industry. Practical issues of web-surveying methods are highlighted, such as programming pitfalls, sample-building, and incentives.

• Smith, C. B., McLaughlin, M. L., & Osborne, K. K. (1997). Conduct control on Usenet. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line],2 (4). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol2/issue4/smith.html

Abstract: In this paper we explore the nature of offensive conduct and its treatment on Usenet. Specifically, we examine the frequency, form, and tone of reproaches for misconduct on five newsgroups: rec.arts.tv.soaps; soc.motss; soc.singles; rec.sports.hockey; and comp.sys.ibm.pc.games. Where possible, subsequent accounts offered by offenders are also examined. Results indicate that few individuals respond publicly to their reproachers and that complete "traditional" remedial episodes in Usenet are relatively rare. Discriminant analysis supports a tentative conclusion that different offense types elicit reproaches which vary in form and tone. Furthermore, the tenor and frequency of reproaches for particular offenses vary according to newsgroup, supporting the thesis that norm violations are differentially treated in Usenet "communities." The analyses and discussion include an examination of gender differences in the newsgroups studied.

• Sofield, T. H. B. (2002). Outside the net: Kiribati and the knowledge economy. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 7 (2). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol7/issue2/sofield.html

Abstract: The Information and Communications Technologies of the last three decades have revolutionized the way in which societies and economies interact on both a global and a domestic scale, with concomitant impacts on the ways in which business is conducted and people and communities interact. A series of studies undertaken by the World Bank from 1997 to the present suggests that those countries which do not take up to the fullest possible extent the technologies now available and enter what has been termed the 'Knowledge Economy' will be 'left behind' in the same way as the Third World, which did not experience the industrial revolution. Two of the distinguishing characteristics of the Knowledge Economy, however, are that first, unlike the industrial revolution it does not require the same massive injections of capital into physical plant and R&D, and second, that countries may 'leapfrog' into the Knowledge Economy without having gone through industrialization. Many such developing countries (Mauritius is a prime example) have taken that leap and are now functioning effectively in and with cyberspace. However, not all countries are participating equally in this interconnected world and this paper examines one country which has not taken up the challenge of the Knowledge Economy - the Republic of Kiribati which straddles the equator in the heart of the Pacific Ocean. Kiribati is an island nation, and its people are of the sea, with fishing as the mainstay of their subsistence lifestyle. Nets are part of every-day life - but the Net is outside their world. It is suggested that a conservative culture and a paternalistic form of government - itself a reflection of Micronesian cultural values - combine to create an environment where ITC is not pursued actively - or indeed at all. There are significant cultural and socio-political barriers that inhibit the uptake of ITC and some of these factors are explored in this paper.

• Spar, D., & Bussgang, J. (1996). Ruling commerce in the networld. Journalof Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 2 (1). Available:http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol2/issue1/commerce.html
• Staples, D. S., Hulland, J. S., & Higgins, C. A. (1998). A self-efficacy theory explanation for the management of remote workers in virtual organizations.Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 3 (4). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol3/issue4/staples.html

Abstract: The current study is a first step in investigating how virtual organizations can manage remote employees effectively. The research used self-efficacy theory to build a model that predicts relationships between antecedents to employees' remote work self-efficacy assessments and their behavioral and attitudinal consequences. The model was tested using responses from 376 remotely-managed employees in 18 diverse organizations. Overall, the results indicated that remote employees' self-efficacy assessments play a critical role in influencing their remote work effectiveness, perceived productivity, job satisfaction and ability to cope. Furthermore, strong relationships were observed between employees' remote work self-efficacy judgments and several antecedents, including remote work experience and training, best practices modeling by management, computer anxiety, and IT capabilities. Because many of these antecedents can be controlled managerially, these findings suggest important ways in which a remote employee's work performance can be enhanced, through the intermediary effect of improved remote work self-efficacy. The current study also provides a basis for future research in the remote work area through its development and testing of a remote management framework.

• Steinfield, C., Chan, A., Kraut, R.E. (2000). Computer mediated markets: An introduction and preliminary test of market structure impacts. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 5 (3). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol5/issue3/steinfield.html

Abstract: Electronic commerce may influence the way in which goods are traded between businesses. Many believe that Internet-based business-to-business e-commerce will reduce the extent to which firms buying goods and services are "locked in" to a single supplier. Using a secondary analysis of data collected in late 1996 on firms' use of electronic networks for transactions, we empirically test the effects of Internet use on buyer lock-in. Results are weak, but suggest that using the Internet rather than proprietary computer networks in connecting with external trading partners appears to lessen a buying firm's dependence on its primary supplier. The Internet seems to be especially valuable in allowing small firms to connect to external constituents.

• Steinfield, C., Kraut, R., & Plummer, A. (1995). The impact of electronic commerce on buyer-seller relationships. Journal of Computer-MediatedCommunication [On-line], 1 (3). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol1/issue3/steinfld.html

Abstract: Electronic commerce can have two somewhat opposing effects on buyer-seller relationships. On the one hand, networks may be used to foster electronic marketplaces characterized by more ephemeral transactions between buyers and sellers. Also plausible, however, is the use of networks to strengthen existing commercial relationships and lock in partners by increasing the costs of switching to new trading partners. Our review of the literature suggests that this latter tendency toward what have been called electronic hierarchies is more prevalent. This paper examines the theoretical rationales behind these competing effects and presents some evidence to show the conditions under which electronic marketplaces or electronic hierarchies are likely to prevail.

• Steinfield, C. & Whitten, P. (1999). Community level socio-economic impacts of electronic commerce. Journal of Computer-MediatedCommunication [On-line], 5 (2). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol5/issue2/steinfield.html

Abstract: As electronic commerce grows, an important socio-economic side effect will be increased competition with the traditional businesses in any given local community. Our research suggests that local merchants typically go online in order to better access distant markets, but are often unprepared to cater to remote customers and hence do not fare well. In this paper, we suggest that it is important to consider now how electronic commerce may influence the health of local economies. Despite the rhetoric that electronic commerce is free from the constraints of geography, we argue that there are good reasons to reconsider the role of physical location in making e-commerce policies. We show that using transaction cost and competitive advantage approaches, supplemented by perspectives from research on social networks and trust, it is possible to develop locally sensitive Web strategies for businesses in a given community. We highlight generic strategies that local businesses can use to leverage their physical presence in a market with electronic commerce in order to better compete with distant Web-based companies.

• Stromer-Galley, J., & Foot, K. A. (2002). Citizen perceptions of online interactivity and implications for political campaign communication.
Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 8 (1). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol8/issue1/stromerandfoot.html

Abstract: In this essay we test empirically whether U.S. citizens identify and distinguish between the media and human interaction components of the Internet as suggested by Stromer-Galley (2000). In addition, we explore how citizens understand the role of the Internet in political campaigns, and the role they themselves can play in the campaign process by utilizing the interactive features of Internet applications. To answer these questions, we conducted focus groups in New Hampshire prior to the 2000 presidential primary election. The focus group discussions suggest that citizens perceive the "objective" types of interactivity identified by Stromer-Galley (2000): "media interaction" and "computer-mediated human interaction." Focus group participants viewed political campaign websites as offering expanded opportunities for citizen engagement with the campaigns in comparison to other media, as well as increased citizen control in relation to campaigns. Although the focus group participants noted that the Internet offers increased potential for computer-mediated human interaction between citizens and campaigns, and they reported a desire to see such opportunities employed, they expressed understanding of the constraints placed on candidates in the context of political campaigning.

• Su, H.-Y. (2004). The multilingual and multi-orthographic Taiwan-based Internet: Creative uses of writing systems on college-affiliated BBSs.
Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 9 (1). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol9/issue1/su.html >

Abstract: This study investigates creative uses of writing systems on the electronic bulletin boards (BBSs) of two college student organizations in Taipei, Taiwan. Data were collected from postings on bulletin boards and semi-structured interviews with members of the student organizations, and analyzed using qualitative and ethnographic methods. Four popular creative uses of writing systems are identified and discussed: the rendering in Chinese characters of the sounds of English, Taiwanese, and Taiwanese-accented Mandarin, and the recycling of a transliteration alphabet used in elementary education. It is argued that these practices are enabled by the written nature of the Internet, the orthographic systems available in the society, and the multilingual situation in Taiwan, and that the everyday meanings associated with the writing systems and languages are appropriated and reproduced through online practice, resulting in a unique mode of communication in its own right.

• Swaminathan, V., Kraut, R., Lepkowska-White, E., & Rao, B. P. (1999). Browsers or buyers in cyberspace? An investigation of factors influencingelectronic exchange. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 5 (2). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol5/issue2/swaminathan.htm

Abstract: In its current form, the Internet is primarily a source of communication, information and entertainment but increasingly also a vehicle for commercial transactions. An understanding of reasons for purchasing on the World Wide Web is particularly relevant in the context of predictions made regarding electronic shopping in the future. In the paper, we focus on some of the antecedents to electronic exchange in the online context. In particular, what are some of the factors influencing online purchasing behavior? What is the role of privacy and security concerns in influencing actual purchase behavior? How do vendor and customer characteristics influence consumers' propensity to engage in transactions on the Internet? We analyze secondary data from an e-mail survey. The study has implications for both theory and practice. The findings extend our knowledge of factors influencing marketing exchange from the traditional setting to the internet context. In addition, the findings regarding factors enhancing the propensity to shop online have implications for internet retailers seeking to enlarge their online customer base.

• Tay-Yap, J., & Al-Hawamdeh, S. (2001). The impact of the Internet on healthcare in Singapore. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, [On-line], 6 (4). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol6/issue4/tayyap.html

Abstract: Advances in several key communication and information technologies are worth tracking for their impact on interactive health communication and ability to meet customers' demands. Some of these technologies include wireless technology, integrated computer telephony, improved audio-visual conferencing, speech recognition, digital TV, collaborative tools, network bandwidth, and imaging technology. These technologies enhance physician-patient communication as well as facilitate access to Web-based information and health-related transactions online. This paper highlights the current status of interactive health communication and its impact on Singapore healthcare.

• Turner, J. W. (2001). Telepsychiatry as a case study of presence: Do you know what you are missing? Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 6 (4). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol6/issue4/turner.html

Abstract: This study explores the use of videoconferencing technology as a means of providing mental health consultations across distances. Analyses of 43 psychiatric interviews with 14 different patients using an interactive videoconferencing system over an 18-month period reveal that the telecommunications link compared favorably to face-to-face encounters in assessments by physicians and patients. However, telepsychiatry may hinder many of the ancillary practitioner-patient relationships that contribute to a psychiatric consultation and create a false sense of presence. The study stresses the importance of examining the new context created by implementation of any new communication technology, and of understanding the need for attention to secondary and peripheral contexts that could potentially be ignored because of telepresence.

• Turoff, M., Hiltz, S. R., Bieber, M., Fjermestad, J., & Rana, A. (1999). Collaborative discourse structures in computer mediated group communication. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 4 (4). Available:http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol4/issue4/turoff.html

Abstract: Using application oriented conceptual maps to categorize the group discussion would be an advancement in the design of CMC systems to allow much larger groups to collaborate productively. The group meta communication process should allow the group to modify and evolve these conceptual discourse templates.

• van Oostendorp, H & van Nimwegen, C. (1998). Locating information in an online newspaper. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 4 (1). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol4/issue1/oostendorp.html

Abstract: In this study several aspects of the usability of an online newspaper are examined. More specifically, the effects of reading-manipulation techniques such as scrolling and using hyperlinks on finding information at different locations are studied. Subjects participated in two sessions with a one-week interval. In each session subjects received a number of searching tasks consisting of finding information at different locations in the newspaper. Speed and accuracy were measured, and afterwards subjects received a recognition task. In general subjects were highly satisfied with the online newspaper. Their performance on the searching tasks was very adequate, even on deeper levels. It took, logically, more time to locate the information by scrolling down or by using a hyperlink to go to a next level than when the hyperlink leading to the desired information was immediately available on screen. The recognition performance was also worse. Locating information after scrolling and after using a hyperlink took approximately the same amount of time, and the recognition performance was about equal. However, an interaction effect was also found between reading-manipulation technique and hypertextual level. In particular, finding information for which scrolling down on a deeper hypertextual level was necessary took extra time and probably extra cognitive resources, leading to a lower recognition performance. It is concluded that it is probably better, if possible, to avoid presenting information on deeper hypertextual levels for which scrolling is necessary.

• Voiskounsky, A. E. (1997). Telelogue conversations. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 2 (4). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol2/issue4/voiskounsky1.html

Abstract: Mediation processes form the basis of human psychological development. Speech signs play a crucial role in the internalization of mediating means. In the computer-mediated communication (CMC) field, speech has its own peculiarity, thus modifying the possible directions of the internalization process. The analysis in this chapter shows the specifics of CMC speech, i.e. telelogue speech. In particular, features and attributes inherent in oral and written forms of speech are found in dialogues, monologues, and polylogues (telelogues). Analysing English usage by those netters for whom it is not the mother-tongue, one could find a peculiar kind of pidginized 'network English' being formed.

• Voiskounsky, A. E. (1997). The Relcom Network: An Investigation of its users. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 2(4). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol2/issue4/voiskounsky2.html

Abstract: Relcom is the most intensively used network available of the former Soviet Union, and its users form a sample of highly active and educated citizens of the newly-formed independent states. To describe this newly-formed sample, surveys of the users were conducted via the network. The results include data on demographic characteristics of users, their attitudes, motivations, and typical ways of network usage. Attitudes towards possible social monitoring service functioning in the network are also investigated, and the potential directions of its functioning are rated by the respondents.

• Wang, S., & Archer, N. (2004). Strategic choice of electronic marketplace functionalities: A buyer-supplier relationship perspective. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 10(1). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol10/issue1/wang_archer.html

Abstract: This paper explores the important factors affecting the choice of electronic marketplace (EM) functionalities. We propose that buyer-supplier relationship-related factors, such as transaction uncertainty, transaction specific investment, transaction frequency, complexity of product description, and non-contractible factors, can affect the choice of different EM functionalities. A case study method was employed to verify these propositions. We found that transaction frequency and non-contractible factors were two strong indicators of EM functionality choice, and transaction specific investment is a weak indicator. Depending on different types of transaction uncertainty, companies will choose different EM functionalities. Complexity of product description was low in all the cases we studied, and did not appear to affect functionality choice. An additional finding was that supplier power could influence a buyer’s choice of different functionalities.

• Warschauer, M., El Said, G., & Zohry, A. (2002). Language choice online: Globalization and identity in Egypt . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 7 (4). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol7/issue4/warschauer.html

Abstract: The dominance of English on the Internet in the medium's early years caused great consternation about a possible threat to local languages and cultures. Though the hegemony of English online has since weakened, there is still concern about how English and other languages interact online, but there has been almost no research on this issue. This paper combines linguistic analysis, a survey, and interviews to examine English and Arabic language use in online communications by a group of young professionals in Egypt. The study indicates that, among this group, English is used overwhelmingly in Web use and in formal e-mail communication, but that a Romanized version of Egyptian Arabic is used extensively in informal e-mail messages and online chats. This online use of English and Arabic is analyzed in relation to broader social trends of language, technology, globalization, and identity.

• Weaver, A.E. (1996). A guide to safe sysop-ing: The church of scientology, sysops & on-line service providers. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 2 (2). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol2/issue2/weaver.html

Abstract: In the past two years, computer bulletin board (BBS) system operators ("sysops") have been repeatedly held liable for the civil and criminal violations of their BBS users. The emerging cases have created three different standards of liability depending on the underlying complaint -- copyright or defamation -- and the court's jurisdiction. One of the more interesting cases involved the Church of Scientology suing an alleged copyright infringer, the sysop of the BBS where the message was posted, and the Internet provider. The article argues that this case blurs the distinction between copyright and defamation and does not fit easily within any of the current modes of analysis.

• Wheeler, B.C., Valacich, J.S., Alavi, M., & Vogel, D. (1995). A framework for technology-mediated inter-institutional telelearning relationships. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 1 (1). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol1/issue1/wheeler/essay.html

Abstract: This essay presents a framework for developing technology-mediated inter-institutional relationships for collaborative telelearning. This framework highlights the issues and implications of developing and maintaining partnering relationships between universities. The development of this framework is an outgrowth of two inter-institutional relationships between three large state universities: between the University of Maryland at College Park and Indiana University, and between the University of Maryland at College Park and the University of Arizona. The essay provides a description of both inter-institutional relationships, focusing specifically on inception, execution, and ongoing evaluation experiences. These experiences are subsequently used to illustrate how a framework for developing inter-institutional relationships can be used to both guide the design of new and the assessment of existing relationships. The essay concludes by discussing costs and benefits of inter-institutional relationships at four levels of activity.

• Wheeler, D. L. (2003). The Internet and youth subculture in Kuwait. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 8 (2). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol8/issue2/wheeler.html

Abstract: Young people in Kuwait constitute both the highest concentration of Internet users (estimated to be approximately 63% of all Internet users in Kuwait)and the largest sector of Kuwaiti society. Moreover, as argued in this article, young people's Internet practices are likely to stimulate the most significant changes in Kuwaiti society. This article scrutinizes a handful of descriptions by young Kuwaiti of the importance and implication of the Internet in their lives.

• Whitten, P., Doolittle, G., & Hellmich, S. (2001). Telehospice: Using telecommunication technology for terminally ill patients Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 6 (4). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol6/issue4/whitten2.html

Abstract: In 2000, a bi-state telehospice project was launched in Michigan and Kansas, designed to provide end-of-life services to hospice patients and their caregivers. Videophones were placed in the homes of hospice patients and hospice providers used this technology to supplement traditional care. This paper presents preliminary results from the first of this two-year project. Methods: Hospice providers (nurses and social workers) completed pre-perception surveys. Hospice patients/caregivers participated in open-ended telephone interviews. Patients choosing not to receive the service completed a decline survey to document the reasons for their decision. Finally, activity logs and patient charts yielded utilization data. Results: Hospice providers are cautiously enthusiastic about telehospice, but initially skeptical about the comparable quality with traditional visits. Patients and caregivers using telehospice, on the other hand, are uniformly positive about the service and wish to see increased utilization within their own care plans. Utilization data indicate steady use with decline forms reflecting some patients' hesitancy in receiving the service in the first place due to feeling overwhelmed.

• Whitten, P., Steinfield, S., & Hellmich, S. (2001). Ehealth: Market potential and business strategies. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 6 (4). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol6/issue4/whitten.html

Abstract: Due to the economic and social priorities afforded health services in the United States, research on new delivery modalities such as the Internet is gaining in popularity. Claims of the Internet's potential range from a promise to revolutionize the fundamental way health care is delivered to a tool for empowering patients through enhanced interaction with providers (Rice, 2001). Even though a great amount of attention has been given to e-health activity, the preponderance of publications to date has focused on the Internet as a source of health information. However important this form of e-health is, this type of service simply does not face the same constraints that must be addressed by those actually delivering health care services or tightly regulated pharmaceutical products. In this paper, we examine e-health by focusing explicitly on the delivery of health care products and services. Our examination of e-health activity is guided by two broad research questions. First, we ask what the potential is for the development of online health care services by examining its potential in major health care service and product sectors. Second, based upon case studies of two online health service firms, we seek to understand the emerging strategies of firms that are attempting to enter the health care market with an entirely online approach. Our examination of current e-health trends, as well as our two case studies, demonstrates the tremendous potential for health-related commercial activity on the Internet. However, our examination of the barriers facing ehealth from the US health system also pointed out the almost insurmountable challenges. We therefore conclude that a "click and mortar" model may perhaps be the optimal strategy for e-health.

• Wiesenfeld, B. M., Raghuram, S., & Garud, R. (1998). Communication patterns as determinants of organizational identification in a virtual organization. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 3 (4). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol1/issue3/wiesenfield.html

Abstract: Recent advances in information technologies provide employees the freedom to work from any place and at any time. Such temporal and spatial dispersion, however, threatens the very meaning of firms. We suggest that organizational identification may be the critical glue linking virtual workers and their organizations. We explore the role that information technologies play in the creation and maintenance of a common identity among decoupled organization members.

• Wigand, R.T., & Benjamin, R.I. (1995). Electronic commerce: Effects on electronic markets. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 1 (3). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol1/issue3/wigand.html

Abstract: Electronic commerce, particularly as it may emerge on the National Information Infrastructure (NII), holds the potential for immense efficiency gains up and down industry value chains. In this paper, various categories of efficiencies are derived from previous research on transaction cost theory and electronic markets and corresponding benefits and costs are examined. Among the outcomes, intermediaries between manufacturer and consumer may be threatened as electronic commerce and the NII diffuse to the consumer; profit margins may be substantially reduced; the consumer is likely to gain access to a broad selection of lower-priced goods; and there will be many opportunities to restrict consumers' access to the potentially vast amount of commerce. An NII model of electronic commerce is laid out where a variety of stakeholders co-exist including producers of information and of physical goods organized in single source sales channels, electronic retailers, electronic markets and consumers. The electronic channels, physical distribution network and a "market choice" box with a primary graphical user interface (GUI) also play integral roles in the model. Finally, suggestions for policy makers are offered to mitigate risks associated with market access and value chain reconfiguration.

• Williams, H., Whalley, J., & Li, F. (2000). Interoperability and electronic commerce: A new policy framework for evaluating strategic options. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 5 (3). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol5/issue3/williams.htm

Abstract: This paper provides a new policy framework for the development of standards for interoperability in electronic commerce. It stresses the complexity of the notion of interoperability and provides a structure for reviewing interoperability between various players in the markets for electronic commerce. Furthermore, the paper highlights the need to structure the questions surrounding policy intervention in terms of market development. However, a key issue that needs to be resolved is the question of interoperability. Interoperability is defined as the set of protocols that ensure end-to-end provision of a given service in a consistent and predictable way. These protocols not only include a set of technical specifications but also include a set of contractual procedures to ensure fair, transparent and consistent interconnection as well as an institutional framework that ensures fair competition. Thus interoperability can be seen to take a variety of policy formats as the market evolves. This paper develops a new framework which offers the ability to shape policy in such a way as to accommodate the trade-offs between the incentives to innovate and the need to avoid anti-competitive behavior and ensure all firms can trade equally within given markets.

• Williamson, K., Wright, S., & Bow, A. (2001). The Internet for the blind and visually impaired. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 7 (1). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol7/issue1/williamson.html

Abstract: A qualitative study of fifteen blind or visually impaired persons and sixteen professionals who work with blind and visually impaired persons sought to explore the potential role of the Internet in information provision for this group of people. Traditional forms of access to information such as print have meant that people who are blind and visually impaired have more difficulty in accessing the same range of information that people who are sighted take for granted. Increasingly, computers are being viewed as the solution to the problem of access to the printed word. This study sought to understand the role of the Internet in information provision, within the context of other sources of information and everyday information needs. The article presents findings about the current ways in which people who are blind and visually impaired find information for their everyday lives; the role of the Internet in this process; barriers to using computers and the Internet; and three case studies in information seeking.

• Witmer, D. (1997). Risky business: Why people feel safe in sexually explicit on-line communication. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 2 (4). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol2/issue4/witmer2.html

Abstract: This article defines contextualizes basic types of CMC as electronic counterparts to other forms of communication. It then discusses the ways in which message privacy and security can be compromised in the electronic environment and reports a survey study of individuals who engage in potentially embarrassing forms of CMC via USENET newsgroups. The questionnaire asked respondents how risky they perceived their communications to be and why they felt secure enough to engage in "risky" communication. Survey results were equivocal on the question of user perceptions of privacy, but indicated that the perceived risk was low in this sample group. Finally, the chapter discusses implications and proposes an agenda for future research.

• Witmer, D. (1998). Staying connected: A case study of distance learning for student interns. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 4 (2). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol4/issue2/witmer.html

Abstract: This paper reports a pilot distance learning course that was launched in response to a number of concerns regarding an existing internship program at a Midwestern university. Not surprisingly, student reactions to the program were somewhat inconsistent, as their experiences varied widely, both in terms of the technology and the internship site, and the new course needed considerable debugging. Comments ranged from very negative to very positive. However, most of the students (63.5%) highly recommended or recommended without qualification that communication technologies be used for summer internships. Another 20.5% of the students recommended the use of communication technology with suggestions for improvement. A major improvement in the general quality of student report writing also was noted. The data indicate that a distance learning approach to internships has great potential to enhance synthesis and integration of classroom learning with on-the-job experiences.

• Witmer, D., & Katzman, S. (1997). On-line smiles: Does gender make a difference in the use of graphic accents? . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 2 (4). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol2/issue4/witmer1.html

Abstract: In the gender-bending world of computer-mediated communication (CMC), is it possible to determine the gender of a message sender from cues in the message? This study addresses the question by drawing on current literature to formulate and test three hypotheses: (i) women use more graphic accents than men do in their CMC, (ii) men use more challenging language in CMC than do women, and (iii) men write more inflammatory messages than do women. Results indicate that only the first hypothesis is partially supported and that women tend to challenge and flame more than do men in this sample group. The authors also discuss implications and pose questions for additional research.

• Wouters, P., & Gerbec, D. (2003). Interactive Internet? Studying mediated interaction with publicly available search engines. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 8(4). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol8/issue4/wouters.html

Abstract: This study explores the use of freely available search engines to locate mediated interaction on the World Wide Web. We use the concepts of mediated interaction and quasi-interaction as developed by Thompson (Thompson, 1995) and Slevin (Slevin, 2000). We conclude that the publicly available search engines lack stability of results, that their behavior is not transparent, and that they do not present the results in a way that is suitable for the creation of data sets. The study confirms that the Internet and the World Wide Web can mainly be characterized as instantiations of mediated quasi-interaction rather than of mediated interaction. Internet researchers might consider not only to try to develop better search software, but also tools that can archive publicly available mediated interaction in real time at a large scale. Even with improved tools, however, we should not expect that the Internet will give us anything like "total data" about social life. The use of information and discussion on the Internet in off-line contexts cannot be deduced from the Internet itself. To answer these questions, Internet research must be combined with off-line interviews, observation and surveys.

• Yun, G. W., & Trumbo, C. W.(2000). Comparative response to a survey executed by post, e-mail, & web form . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 6 (1). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol6/issue1/yun.html

Abstract: Recent developments in communication technologies have created alternative survey methods through e-mail and Web sites. Both methods use electronic text communication, require fewer resources, and provide faster responses than traditional paper and pencil methods. However, new survey methodologies also generate problems involving sampling, response consistency and participant motivation. Empirical studies need to be done to address these issues as researchers implement electronic survey methods. In this study we conduct an analysis of the characteristics of three survey response modes: post, e-mail, and Web site. Data are from a survey of the National Association of Science Writers (NASW), in which science writers' professional use of e-mail and the Web is evaluated. Our analysis offers two lessons. First, a caution. We detect a number of potentially important differences in the response characteristics of these three groups. Researchers using multi-mode survey techniques should keep in mind that subtle effects might be at play in their analyses. Second, an encouragement. We do not observe significant influences of survey mode in our substantive analyses. We feel, at least in this case, that the differences detected in the response groups indicate that using multi-mode survey techniques improved the representativeness of the sample without biasing other results.

• Zhu, J. J. H., & He, Z. (2002). Diffusion, use and impact of the Internet in Hong Kong: A chain process model.Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 7 (2). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol7/issue2/hongkong.html

Abstract: Hong Kong appears to be a dream venue for the Internet as a mass medium: There are a well-developed telecommunications infrastructure, a population with both financial resources and bilingual (Chinese and English) abilities, and a legal environment in which there is virtually no government regulation of content. However, recent experience with the slow adoption of other new media in Hong Kong, including cable TV and interactive TV, has sounded a cautionary note about the potential use and impact of the Internet in this technologically sophisticated city. Based on a telephone survey of 1,000 adult residents, this paper examines the adoption, use, and social impact of the Internet in Hong Kong using a chain process model that was initially developed by Dutton, Rogers, and Jun (1987) for research on home computing. The results show that Internet adoption is affected by a full range of factors, including one's personal characteristics, socioeconomic status, socio-cultural settings, and perceived compatibility of the Internet. On the other hand, Internet use is primarily affected by socioeconomic status and perceived compatibility. The study also found that both adoption and use of the Internet have observable impact on leisure activities and concerns for privacy and other Internet-related negative consequences. However, these effects are not overarching but rather confined to specific attitudes and behavior.

• Zhu, J. J. H., & He, Z. (2002). Information accessibility, user sophistication, and source credibility: The impact of the Internet on value orientations in mainland China. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [On-line], 7 (2). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol7/issue2/china.html

Abstract: The Internet has penetrated China at a rapid rate. However, there exist a wide range of constraining forces, such as governmental control, inadequate infrastructure, economic affordability, cultural perceptions, and language barriers. This paper tests the impact of access to the Internet and other sources of information, perceived credibility of the Internet and conventional media, and cognitive sophistication of Chinese audiences on the choice of rival value orientations such as Communism, Materialism, and Post-materialism. The data come from a survey of 2,600 adults in Beijing and Guangzhou in November-December 2000. Multinomial logistic regression analyses show that perceived credibility of the Internet, cognitive sophistication, and access to Hong Kong-based television have a significant impact on the preference for particular value orientations. Analysis of the sub-sample of Internet users further reveals the importance of participation in online chatting. The findings bear important implications for the role of the Internet in the political development of transitional societies.