REFERENCES


Ahl, F. (1988). Ars est caelare artem (Art in puns and anagrams engraved). 
   In J. Culler (Ed.), On puns: The foundation of letters (pp. 17-43). 
   Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 

Allan, K., & Burridge, K. (1991). Euphemism and dysphemism. Oxford: 
   Oxford University Press.

Aronson, S. H. (1977). Bell's electrical toy--What's the use? The sociology of
   early telephone usage. In I. de S. Pool (Ed.), The social impact of the
   telephone (pp. 15-39). Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press.

Attridge, D. (1988). Unpacking the portmanteau, or who's afraid of 
   Finnegan's Wake? In J. Culler (Ed.), On puns: The Foundations of 
   letters (pp. 140-155). Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Aycock, A. (1993). Virtual play: Baudrillard online. Arachnet electronic 
   journal on virtual culture, 1 (7). Electronic ms. available from 
   listserv@kentvm.kent.edu; file: aycock v1n7; or via ftp  at
   ftp://byrd.mu.wvnet.edu/pub/ejvc/Aycockv1j7 (plain text).

Aytot, J., & Simpson, J. (1992). Oxford dictionary of modern slang. 
   Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.

Bakhtin, M. (1968). Rabelais and His world. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press.
   (Transl. Helene Iswolsky).

Barba, E., & Saverese, N. (Eds.). (1991). A dictionary of theatre 
   anthropology: The secret art of the performer (English edition ed.). 
   London: Routledge. (English-language edition edited and compiled by Richard 
   Gough; translated by Richard Fowler).

Barlow, J. P. (1990). Crime and puzzlement. Electronic ms. available by ftp
   from ftp://eff.org/pub/cud/papers/crime.puzzle. Also published in Whole 
   Earth Review, 1990, 45-57.  

Bauman, R. (1975). Verbal art as performance. American Anthropologist, 
   77, 290-311. 

__________. (1977). Verbal art as performance. Prospect Heights, IL: 
   Waveland Press.

Baym, N. (1995).  The emergence of community in computer-mediated 
   communication. In  S.G. Jones (Ed.), Cybersociety: Computer-mediated 
   communication and community, (pp. 138-163). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 

Bechar-Israeli, H. (1995).  From <Bonehead> to <cLoNehEAd>:
   Nicknames, play and identity on Internet Relay Chat. Journal of
   Computer-mediated Communication, 1,2.

Bloom, H. (1994). The Western Canon: The books and school of the Ages.
   New York: Harcourt Brace.

Bolter, J. D. (1991). Writing space: The computer, hypertext, and the 
   history of writing. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Bournellis, C. (1995). The Internet's phenomenal growth is mirrored in 
   startling statistics. Internet world, Nov., 47.

Brett, S. (Ed.). (1984). The Faber book of parodies. London: Faber and 
   Faber. 

Caillois, R. (1961). Man, play and games. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.

Castleman, C. (1982). Getting up: Subway graffiti in New York. 
   Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press.

Charney, M. (1978). Comedy high and low: An introduction to the experience 
   of comedy. New York: Oxford University Press.

Cooper, M., & Chalfant, H. (1984). Subway art. New York: Henry Holt.

Culler, J. (Ed.) (1988). On puns: The foundation of letters. Oxford: 
   Basil Blackwell.

Danet, B. (1984). The magic flute: a prosodic analysis of binomial expressions 
   in legal hebrew. Text, 4, 143-172.

________. (1994). Hamming it up on the Net. Wired, 2, 10: 38.

Danet, B., Ruedenberg, L., and Rosenbaum-Tamari, Y.  (In press). 
   "Hmmm...where's all that smoke coming from?"  Writing,  play and 
   performance on Internet Relay Chat. In S. Rafaeli, F. Sudweeks, and 
   M. McLaughlin (Eds.), Network and netplay:  Virtual groups on the 
   Internet. Cambridge, MA: AAAI/MIT Press. 

Davis, J. M. (1978). Farce. London: Methuen.

Davison, P. (1982). Contemporary drama and the popular dramatic tradition in
   England. London: Macmillan.

Eco, U. (1979). The role of the reader. Bloomington, IN: Indiana 
   University Press.

Editors of Consumer Guide. (1979). Miniatures. New York: Beekman House. 

Edwards, V., and Sienkewicz, T.J. (1990). Oral cultures past and present:
   Rappin' and Homer. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Fruman, N. (1994). Bloom at Thermopylae. New York Times book review,
   October 9, 1994, 9.

Gibson, W. (1984). Neuromancer. New York: Ace.

Gluckman, M. (1959). Custom and conflict in Africa. Oxford: B. Blackwell.
   
____________. (1963). Order and Rebellion in Tribal Africa. London: Cohen & West.
   

Goffman, E. (1963). Behavior in public places. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.

Gustafsson, M. (1974). The phonetic length of the members of presentday
   binomials. Neuphilologische mitteilungen, 4, 663-677.

_____________. (1976). The frequency and "frozenness" of some English
   binomials. Neuphilologische mitteilungen, 4, 623-637.

Handelman, D. (1976). Play and ritual: Complementary frames of meta-
   communication. In A.J. Chapman and H. Foot (Eds.), It's a Funny Thing, 
   Humor (pp. 185-192). London: Pergamon. 

Harris, S. (1994). Much ado about IRC. Online access, 9, 28-32.

_________. (1995a). The IRC survival guide: Talk to the world with Internet 
   Relay Chat. Addison-Wesley: Reading, MA.

_________. (1995b). Virtual reality drama. In Cyberlife!(pp. 497-520).
   Indianapolis, IN: Sams.

Hartman, G. (1970). The voice of the shuttle: Language from the point of view 
   of literature. In G. Hartman (Ed.), Beyond formalism. New Haven, CT: 
   Yale University Press.

Hughes, G. (1991). Swearing: A social history of foul language, Oaths and
   profanity in English. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Hussey, S.S. (1992) The literary language of Shakespeare. London and
   New York: Longman. 2nd edition.

Hutcheon, L. (1985). A Theory of parody: The teachings of twentieth-century 
   art forms. London: Methuen.

___________. (1994). Irony's edge: The theory and politics of irony. 
   London: Routledge.

Hymes, D. (Ed.). (1964). Language in culture and society: A reader in
   linguistics and anthropology. New York: Harper and Row.

Janda, R. (1985). Note-taking in English as a simplified register. Discourse
   processes, 8, 437-454.

Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, B. (Ed.). (1976). Speech play: Research and 
   resources for the study of linguistic Creativity. Philadelphia: 
   University of Pennsylvania Press.

________________________. (in press). The electronic vernacular. In G. Marcus 
   (ed.) Connected: Engagements with media at century's end. Chicago:
   University of Chicago Press.

Kuehn, S. A. (1993). Communication innovation on a BBS: A content analysis.  
   IPCT: International Computing and Technology, an Electronic Journal for 
   the  21st Century, 1, 2. Available as electronic ms. from IPCT at
   listserv@guvm.ccf.georgetown.edu. Message: get kuehn ipctv1n2.

Lanham, R. A. (1993). The Electronic word: Democracy, technology, and the 
   arts. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Levine, L. W. (1988). Highbrow lowbrow: the emergence of cultural hierarchy 
   in America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Malkiel, Y. (1959). Studies in irreversible binomials. Lingua, 8, 113-
   160. 

Mason, B. (1992). Street Theatre and Other Outdoor Performance. London:
   Routledge.

Marvin, L-E. (1995). Spoof, Spam, Lurk and Lag: The Aesthetics of Text-Based
   Virtual Realities. Journal of Computer-mediated Communication, 1, 2.
                                                                     
Maynor, N. (1994). The Language of Electronic Mail: Written Speech?
   G. Little & M. Montgomery (Eds.), Centennial Usage Studies, 
   Tuscaloosa, University of Alabama, pp. 48-54. (also, electronic ms. 
   available from http://www2.msstate.edu/~maynor/index.html) 

Meyer, G., & Thomas, J. (1990). The baudy world of the byte bandit: a 
   postmodernist interpretation of the computer underground. Electronic ms.
   available by ftp from ftp://eff.org/pub/cud/papers/baudy.world. Also 
   published in F. Schmalleger (Ed.), Computers in Criminal Justice
   (pp. 31-67), Bristol, IN: Wyndham Hall, 1990.

Muir, K. (1971) (Ed.). A New Companion to Shakespeare Studies.
   Cambridge, NY: Cambridge Univ. Press.

Myers, D. (1987). A new environment for communication play: On-line play. In
   G.A. Fine (Ed.), Meaningful Play, Playful Meaning. Champaign, IL: 
   Human Kinetics. 

Nash, W. (1985). The Language of humour: Style and technique in comic 
   discourse. London and New York: Longman.

New York Times. (1995). The Hierarchy of the "Times". New York Times,
   October, 1995.

Oring, E. (1992). Jokes and their relations. Lexington, KY: University 
   of Kentucky.

Orlikowski, W. J., & Yates, J. (1994). Genre Repertoire: Norms and Forms for
   Work and Interaction. Working paper #166, Center for coordination science,
   Sloan School of Management, M.I.T.

Palmer, J. (1994). Taking humour seriously. London and New York: 
   Routledge. 

Rafaeli, S. (1984). If the Computer is the Medium, What is the Message?
   Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the International Communication 
   Association, Honolulu, Hawaii.

Rafaeli, S. (1986). The electronic bulletin board: a computer-driven
   mass medium. Computers & the Social Sciences, 2(3), 123-131.

Raymond, E. S. (1991). The New Hacker's Dictionary, with assistance
   and illustrations by Guy L. Steele, Jr. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press.

Reid, E. (1991). Electropolis: Communication and community on Internet Relay
   Chat. (Electronic ms. adapted from a B.A. Honors thesis, Dept. of History, 
   University of Melbourne, Australia (available from Reid at 
   emr@munagin.ee.mu.oz.au or at ftp://eff.org/pub/cud/papers/electropolis).

________. (1995). Virtual world: Culture & imagination. In: S. G. Jones,
   (Ed.), Cybersociety: Computer Mediated Communication and Community. 
   Sage.

Rheingold, H. (1993). The virtual community: Homesteading on the electronic
   frontier. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. (also, electronic ms. available
   from: http://www.well.com/user/hlr/vcbook/)

Ruedenberg, L., & Danet, B. & Rosenbaum-Tamari, Y. (1995). Virtual
   virtuosos: Play and performance at the computer keyboard. Electronic 
   journal of communication 5 (4). Available from Comserve@Vm.Rpi.edu.
   Message: send Rueden v5n495.

Seventh Level. (1994). Monty Python complete waste of time. Richardson, 
   TX: 7th Level Inc. (CD-Rom).
                              
Sherzer, J. (1978). Oh! That's a pun and I didn't mean it. Semiotica, 
   22(3/4), 335-350.

Slatalla, M., &  Quittner, J. 1994. Gang War in cyberspace. Wired,
   Dec., 146-151, 200-205.

Stam, R. (1989). Subversive pleasures: Bakhtin, cultural criticism, and 
film. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Stewart, S. (1978). Nonsense: aspects of intertextuality in folklore and
   literature. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Sutton-Smith, B., & Kelly-Byrne, D. (1984). The idealization of play. In P. K.
   Smith (Ed.), Play in animals and humans. New York: Blackwell. (N)
                             
Test, G. A. (1991). Satire: Spirit and Art. Tampa, FL: University of 
   South Florida Press.

Turkle, S. (1988). Computational Reticence: Why Women Fear the Intimate Machine.
   In C. Kramarae (Ed.), Technology and Women's Voices: Keeping in 
   Touch (pp.41-61). London and New York: Routledge.

Turner, V. (1969). The ritual process. Chicago: Aldine.

__________. (1986a). Carnaval in Rio: Dionysian drama in an industralizing 
   society. The anthropology of performance. New York: PAJ Publications. 

__________. (1986b). Performing ethnography. The anthropology of 
   performance. New York: PAJ Publications.


List of links to the sites mentioned in this article:

Barlow, 1990
Baym, 1995
Bechar-Israeli, 1995
Danet, 1994
Dictionary of Computer Jargon, 1995
Fringeware mailing list
Gazza's Home Page
Jargon File, 1995
Marvin, 1995
Maynor's home page
Meyer and Thomas, 1990
Monty Python's home page
Rheingold: "Virtual Communities"